為什么托福聽(tīng)力會(huì)聽(tīng)不懂素材內(nèi)容
為什么托福聽(tīng)力會(huì)聽(tīng)不懂素材內(nèi)容?這3個(gè)主要原因需了解。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)為什么托福聽(tīng)力會(huì)聽(tīng)不懂素材內(nèi)容，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
為什么托福聽(tīng)力會(huì)聽(tīng)不懂素材內(nèi)容?這3個(gè)主要原因需了解
托福聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)不懂原因：?jiǎn)卧~聽(tīng)不懂
單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)其實(shí)是眾多托福考生的硬傷，試想一個(gè)從來(lái)就沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)的單詞，就算聽(tīng)上一千一萬(wàn)遍也不可能把意思給憑空悟出來(lái)。而對(duì)于一門(mén)語(yǔ)言類(lèi)考試而言，不背單詞想考過(guò)的念頭更是不切實(shí)際。很多同學(xué)都會(huì)抱怨，托福單詞太多太難，背不下來(lái)或者背了也會(huì)忘。那么首先，對(duì)于新托福聽(tīng)力來(lái)說(shuō)，雖然涉及到眾多專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)科性的內(nèi)容，但考試的實(shí)質(zhì)依舊是語(yǔ)言而不是專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，因此，單詞不需要一開(kāi)始就記太偏太難的，先從最基本的開(kāi)始。另外，大多數(shù)考生對(duì)于單詞識(shí)記的方法也有問(wèn)題，聽(tīng)力強(qiáng)調(diào)用耳朵識(shí)別單詞，從而知道其意思。很多同學(xué)對(duì)于單詞只認(rèn)識(shí)其寫(xiě)法和意思，不關(guān)注讀法的背誦方式，勢(shì)必在聽(tīng)力中造成單詞看得懂，聽(tīng)不懂的情況。這樣在真正的考試當(dāng)中，單詞無(wú)法用耳朵識(shí)別出來(lái)，看起來(lái)再熟悉也無(wú)濟(jì)于事了。
托福聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)不懂原因：慣用說(shuō)法聽(tīng)不懂
由于新托福聽(tīng)力取材真實(shí)的校園生活學(xué)習(xí)場(chǎng)景，所以其中的語(yǔ)言也很生活化，更加鮮活。這些內(nèi)容對(duì)于絕大部分考生來(lái)說(shuō)都很陌生，因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的中國(guó)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中學(xué)習(xí)到的都是過(guò)于正式或者老套的說(shuō)法。很多同學(xué)都沒(méi)有在意這點(diǎn)，甚至在出國(guó)了以后，最基本的打招呼問(wèn)好都要花好久才能適應(yīng)，因?yàn)檎n本上學(xué)的打招呼的方式是”How are you?” 或者”How do you do?” 當(dāng)聽(tīng)到外國(guó)人以平常語(yǔ)速說(shuō)出”How is it going?” 或者”How are you doing?” 的時(shí)候，肯定不知道別人在說(shuō)什么，更不用說(shuō)怎么回應(yīng)了。類(lèi)似的情況在新托福聽(tīng)力當(dāng)中比比皆是。當(dāng)然，就應(yīng)對(duì)托?？荚噥?lái)說(shuō)，可以先把聽(tīng)力文章中鮮活的用語(yǔ)學(xué)會(huì)，如果能配合一些電影或者美劇，多進(jìn)行了解鞏固，那效果肯定更好。
托福聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)不懂原因：言下之意聽(tīng)不懂
在新托福聽(tīng)力考試當(dāng)中，不僅有直接考細(xì)節(jié)信息的題目，也會(huì)有考對(duì)于字面意思理解的題目，說(shuō)白了，就是考某句話(huà)的深層含義。這樣的題目是在中國(guó)大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)考試當(dāng)中沒(méi)有的，因此很多考生會(huì)覺(jué)得很不適應(yīng)，但其實(shí)這樣的題目?jī)H僅是紙老虎。
例如：
一學(xué)生在辦公室問(wèn)學(xué)校工作人員”I am supposed to be having my class right now, but I can’t find my classroom, do you know where it is?”
而工作人員答道”There is a room assignment sheet on the bulletin board outside this office.”
在新托?？荚囍?，對(duì)于后一句話(huà)，就會(huì)提問(wèn)工作人員說(shuō)這句話(huà)是什么意思。這樣的題目的難點(diǎn)在于，在聽(tīng)懂字面意思的情況下，需要通過(guò)對(duì)于上下文的理解，知道說(shuō)這句話(huà)的真正目的，意圖。比如在這里，我們聽(tīng)到上文學(xué)生在問(wèn)教室在哪時(shí)，就應(yīng)該推測(cè)到下文應(yīng)該是對(duì)學(xué)生問(wèn)題的一個(gè)回答，雖然字面意思是”辦公室外的公告欄上有教室分配表”，但目的不在于說(shuō)哪有個(gè)什么東西，其實(shí)意圖是告訴學(xué)生，你自己去看分配表，找自己的教室在哪，即回答學(xué)生”教室在哪”的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于此類(lèi)題目，考生們要摒棄只考慮單個(gè)句子意思的習(xí)慣，逐漸培養(yǎng)自己在聽(tīng)懂的情況下思考上下內(nèi)容的聯(lián)系，思考文字以下更深層的內(nèi)容。
對(duì)于托福聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)不懂的原因小編就為大家分析到這里，希望考生能夠?qū)ふ业阶约和懈Ｂ?tīng)力聽(tīng)不懂的原因，并找到應(yīng)對(duì)方法盡早解決，如此才能在托?？荚囍心玫嚼硐氲穆?tīng)力分?jǐn)?shù)。
2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：蛋白質(zhì)測(cè)試補(bǔ)充DNA分析
DNA analysis is a staple of crime scenes—and crime shows, like HBO's The Night of or the old standby, CSI:
"We just need to get this to the DNA lab, confirm it's the victim's blood. And then, case closed."
And it's not just for crime: DNA sequencing also helps determine our relationship to Neandertals, and our primate cousins.
Problem is, DNA's a relatively fragile molecule—it doesn't last forever. What's more sturdy is protein. So now researchers have come up with a way to use protein in a similar way to DNA: to link an individual to a piece of evidence or to determine ethnic background.
The protein source these scientists studied was human hair, from 76 individuals of European-American, African-American and Kenyan descent. And they determined that the variation of a couple hundred proteins in a person's hair could be enough to single her out from a group of one million individuals.
The way it works is that proteins are made according to the instructions in DNA. So one individual's genetic variations can result in slightly different proteins being made, compared to another individual. And by determining the protein composition, the scientists can then extrapolate info about the DNA. The results are in the journal PLoS ONE.
The researchers say the technique still is not ready for prime-time—ideally the process needs to be more sensitive, to avoid consuming valuable crime scene or archaeological samples in the analysis. And the statistics behind the technique need to be validated, too. But someday, they say, it could come within a hair of DNA analysis.
DNA分析是犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)和犯罪片采用的主要方法，就像家庭影院頻道(HBO)的電視劇《罪惡之夜》和老牌美劇《犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查》中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的場(chǎng)面。
“我們只需要將這個(gè)送到DNA實(shí)驗(yàn)室，確認(rèn)這是受害者的血跡。然后就可以結(jié)案了?！?/p>
但是，DNA分析不僅僅只是用于犯罪調(diào)查，DNA序列還可以幫助確定我們與尼恩特人以及與靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物的關(guān)系。
問(wèn)題是，DNA是一個(gè)相對(duì)脆弱的分子，其并不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)存在。更加堅(jiān)固的是蛋白質(zhì)。所以現(xiàn)在研究人員提出了一種利用蛋白質(zhì)的新方法，該種方法與DNA的使用方法非常相似：將個(gè)體同證據(jù)聯(lián)系起來(lái)，或是確定種族背景。
這些科學(xué)家研究的蛋白質(zhì)來(lái)自人類(lèi)的頭發(fā)，這些頭發(fā)采集自歐裔美國(guó)人、非洲裔美國(guó)人以及肯尼亞的76個(gè)個(gè)體?？茖W(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)人頭發(fā)中數(shù)百個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)的變化足以將該個(gè)體與其他100百萬(wàn)個(gè)個(gè)體相區(qū)分。
這種方法就是根據(jù)DNA的指令來(lái)操作蛋白質(zhì)。所以，與其他個(gè)體相比較，一個(gè)個(gè)體的基因變異會(huì)產(chǎn)生略有不同的蛋白質(zhì)。通過(guò)確定蛋白質(zhì)的組成，科學(xué)家可以推斷出DNA的信息。這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《公共科學(xué)圖書(shū)館·綜合》雜志上。
研究人員表示，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)尚未成熟，在理想情況下，該過(guò)程需要更加的謹(jǐn)慎，以避免在分析中浪費(fèi)寶貴的犯現(xiàn)場(chǎng)或其他考古樣本。另外，該技術(shù)的支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)也還需要驗(yàn)證。但是，科學(xué)家表示，有朝一日可以實(shí)現(xiàn)通過(guò)頭發(fā)來(lái)驗(yàn)證DNA。
重點(diǎn)講解：
1. come up with 想出，提出(計(jì)劃、想法等);
例句：I had a hard time trying to come up with an idea.
為了想出主意我苦思了半天。
2. single out 單獨(dú)挑出;特別選出;
例句：He was singled out for special training.
他被選撥出來(lái)接受專(zhuān)門(mén)訓(xùn)練。
3. according to 依據(jù)，根據(jù)，依照 (原則等);
例句：He ranged the books according to size.
他照大小順序排列這些書(shū)。
4. result in 導(dǎo)致;引起;造成;
例句：It resulted in a diminished output.
這導(dǎo)致了減產(chǎn)。
5. compared to 與…相比;和…比起來(lái);
例句：The cost is just peanuts compared to what you get from the money.
和你投資所獲得的利益相比，這點(diǎn)成本就不算什么。
2020托福聽(tīng)力練習(xí)：鯊魚(yú)體內(nèi)含毒素或威脅類(lèi)
Living at the top of the food chain, sharks can accumulate dangerous levels of methylmercury. So much that pregnant women and children are advised not to eat shark at all. But sharks can accumulate another toxin too, called BMAA, which has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative disease. Which could be bad news for shark eaters.
"Mercury in combination with BMAA is a one-two punch." Deborah Mash, a professor of neurology at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine. "These are two synergistic toxins. So even if there are low levels of exposure from the mercury or the BMAA, when humans are exposed to both of these toxins, then they will have a synergistic effect on the nervous system."
BMAA starts out in cyanobacteria, and travels up the food chain through crabs and shrimp and fish. And, as previous studies have shown, makes all the way to sharks. What Mash and her colleagues wanted to know was how widespread the problem was, and if the chemical often appeared alongside mercury. So they analyzed fin and muscle samples from 10 species of shark—55 individuals in all—from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. And they found BMAA and mercury in all 10 species. Suggesting that exposure to that "one-two punch" could be pretty common. The results are in the journal Toxins.
It's still not clear at this point what sort of risk this occasional exposure through food might have. Still, Mash isn't waiting.
"I myself would not want to be exposed to BMAA or methyl mercury in my diet by eating shark fin or shark meat or taking shark cartilage products. We already know that mercury is toxic to our health. And we already know that BMAA plus mercury is a very bad mix for the brain. So people need to be concerned, and I think that's not only for the benefit of us as consumers, but also to the poor sharks, who are threatened with extinction."
Conservationists have argued for years that sharks should be spared. Maybe now that it's us who are threatened... people might finally start to leave them alone.
因?yàn)樯钤谑澄镦湹捻敹?，所以鯊魚(yú)可以積累達(dá)到危險(xiǎn)水平的汞。因?yàn)轷忯~(yú)體內(nèi)的汞含量非常高，所以建議孕婦和兒童不要吃鯊魚(yú)。但是，鯊魚(yú)還能積累另外一種毒素——BMAA，這種毒素與神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)展有關(guān)。這對(duì)愛(ài)吃鯊魚(yú)的人來(lái)說(shuō)可是個(gè)壞消息。
“汞和BMAA的結(jié)合可謂是雙重重?fù)?。”黛博拉·馬許是邁阿密大學(xué)米勒醫(yī)學(xué)院的神經(jīng)學(xué)教授?！斑@是兩種協(xié)同作用的毒素。即使汞或者BMAA的含量很低，但是只要人類(lèi)接觸到這兩種毒素，它們就會(huì)對(duì)人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應(yīng)?！?/p>
BMAA最初存在于藍(lán)藻中，之后通過(guò)螃蟹、蝦類(lèi)和魚(yú)類(lèi)進(jìn)入食物鏈上層。此前的研究已經(jīng)表明，BMAA最后進(jìn)入鯊魚(yú)體內(nèi)。馬許和她的同事們想知道，如果這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)經(jīng)常和汞一起出現(xiàn)，那這個(gè)問(wèn)題的普遍性有多大。所以，他們從太平洋和大西洋的55只鯊魚(yú)中提取分析了10種鯊魚(yú)的鰭和肌肉樣本。在這10種鯊魚(yú)中，均發(fā)現(xiàn)了BMAA和汞。這表明，這兩種毒素的結(jié)合非常普遍。該研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《毒素》雜志上。
目前尚不清楚通過(guò)食物接觸這些毒素會(huì)產(chǎn)生何種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是馬許并沒(méi)有坐等結(jié)果。
“我不想因?yàn)槌贼~(yú)翅、鯊魚(yú)肉或服用鯊魚(yú)軟骨制品而在飲食中接觸到BMAA或甲基汞。我們已經(jīng)知道汞危害我們的健康。我們也知道BMAA和汞結(jié)合會(huì)對(duì)我們的大腦造成更嚴(yán)重的危害。所以，我認(rèn)為人們擔(dān)心的不應(yīng)該僅僅是我們作為消費(fèi)者的利益，同時(shí)也要擔(dān)心瀕臨滅絕的可憐的鯊魚(yú)?！?/p>
多年來(lái)，環(huán)保人士一直認(rèn)為應(yīng)該保護(hù)鯊魚(yú)。也許現(xiàn)在受到威脅的是我們?nèi)祟?lèi)……所以，現(xiàn)在人們可能不會(huì)再去管它們了。
重點(diǎn)講解：
1. even if 即使;盡管;縱然;
例句：They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功他們也會(huì)支持你。
2. be exposed to 使暴露于(險(xiǎn)境);使遭受(危險(xiǎn)或不快);
例句：Women who are exposed to mercury, cadmium, or vinyl chloride before conceiving seem to be especially likely to have autistic kids.
女性在懷孕期間接觸汞、鎘或氯乙烯很有可能會(huì)生出自閉癥患兒。
3. start out 起初是…;
例句：He started out to fix the car himself, but in the end, he had to ask for help.
起初他本打算自己修車(chē)，可最后他還是不得不請(qǐng)人幫忙。
4. leave alone 聽(tīng)…自便;隨…去;不打擾;
例句：Some people need to confront a traumatic past; others find it better to leave it alone.
有人需要直面過(guò)去的創(chuàng)傷，有人則覺(jué)得不去想它為妙。
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