雅思學(xué)術(shù)寫作需遵循的10個核心準(zhǔn)則

雅思寫作一直都是中國考生的弱項，The Elements of Style一書中，作者提到了關(guān)于英文寫作的10個核心準(zhǔn)則一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下。下面小編就和大家分享雅思學(xué)術(shù)寫作需遵循的10個核心準(zhǔn)則,希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。

雅思學(xué)術(shù)寫作需遵循的10個核心準(zhǔn)則

Elementary principles of composition

1. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic

不同的段落構(gòu)成文章，每個段落僅傳遞一個觀點

2. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning

規(guī)則：每個段落均以主題句開頭，并且首尾呼應(yīng)。

A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;

主題句前置

B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;

段落圍繞主題句展開，后面的句子對主題句進行展開解釋

C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.

末尾句或者對主題句進行強調(diào)，或者闡述主題句帶來的結(jié)果。

3. Use the active voice

主動句永遠比被動句直接有力

Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground

= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生動)

Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

= Failing health compelled him to leave college. (簡潔有力)

Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

= He soon repented his words. (簡潔有力)

4. Put statements in positive form

以肯定的形式表達否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫無色彩，猶豫不決和含糊其辭的語言。

Eg：He was not very often on time.

= He usually came late.

Eg: He did not think that studying Latin was much use.

= He thought the study of Latin useless.

Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.

= The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

5. Omit needless words

刪除冗詞

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.

有力的寫作一定簡潔。

Owing to the fact that

=Since (because)

In spite of the fact that

=Though (although)

Call your attention to the fact that

=Remind you (notify you)

The fact that he had not succeeded

=His failure

6. Avoid a succession of loose sentences

別寫流水賬，找找語言的邏輯關(guān)系，通過who, which, when, where, and while 這些詞把句子串起來。

7. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form

Parallel structure 平行結(jié)構(gòu)講究對稱美：內(nèi)容對等，結(jié)構(gòu)一致。

Eg: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

8. Keep related words together

詞的位置決定詞的關(guān)系，所以遵循‘物以類聚’，意思關(guān)聯(lián)緊密的詞放在一塊。

A: 主謂之間不分割，補充信息需前置

Eg: Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.

In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (狀語前置，主謂毗鄰)

B：關(guān)系代詞緊隨先行詞出現(xiàn)

Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.

In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名詞look先行，關(guān)系詞that緊隨)

9. In summaries, keep to one tense

總結(jié)通常使用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，如果使用過去時，請保持時態(tài)一致。

10. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end

欲擒故縱的圓周句(periodic sentence)中，強調(diào)信息后置。

Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.

With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.

雅思寫作高分技巧：必備語法知識點

大作文

需要備好各種從句：其中5.5分以上必備三大經(jīng)典從句：定語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句)

1. 定語從句：

多用who(指人)、which(指物)、that(即可指人也可以指物)，還有一個經(jīng)典的容易被忽視的定語從句在大作文中可以表達事件發(fā)生的原因：即由why引導(dǎo)的固定句型...the reason(s) why...

E.g:There may be some reasons why entertainment stars earn high salaries but overall Iagree that they are overpaid.

2. 賓語從句：

文章中提出觀點的好句型，無論是你自己的觀點還是文章中原來給出的觀點都可以。建議多用that引導(dǎo)的，不容易出錯，如：some people think/agree/suggest/insist that...

E.g:A growing number of parents believe that being overly dependent on social networkingwebsites only makes their children more isolated in the real world.

3.狀語從句：

狀語的種類特別多，所以狀語從句是你最能夠表現(xiàn)句型多樣化的機會。牢記以下幾種狀從的分類，句子的豐富性自然就出來了：

A.時間狀語從句(引導(dǎo)詞：when/as/while/since/the moment...)

E.g:The related sectors should take effective measures the moment the problem appeared.

B.地點狀語從句(引導(dǎo)詞：where/wherever)

E.g:Generally，air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

C.原因狀語從句(引導(dǎo)詞：because/since/as/seeing that...)

E.g:As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopularwith everyone who needs to travel on the roads.

D.條件狀語從句(引導(dǎo)詞：if/as long as/providing that/provided that...)

E.g:The government will increase its support for public education, provided that such funds canbe put to good use.

E.讓步狀語從句(就是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，引導(dǎo)詞：though/although/while/no matterwho/where/which/how...)

E.g:hile (表示二者對比)some people link happiness to wealth and material success, othersthink it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships.　ven though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is notunrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.

雅思備考:雅思寫作的5個丟分誤區(qū)

誤區(qū)一：背大學(xué)四六級詞匯就能順利通過雅思寫作考試

雅思寫作考試，相當(dāng)多數(shù)量的高中生聽說只要花時間把大學(xué)四六級的單詞全部背熟就能參加雅思寫作考試。這種錯誤的觀念目前普遍存在于正積極準(zhǔn)備參加雅思考試的廣大高中生，乃至大學(xué)生中。其實，大學(xué)四六級英語考試和雅思考試完全是2種不同的英文測試系統(tǒng)，2者沒有內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，應(yīng)試方法也大相徑庭。

從寫作角度來說，雅思的學(xué)術(shù)類大作文沒有所謂的詞庫，而學(xué)術(shù)類報告的常用詞匯和國內(nèi)英語考試寫作的詞匯又是完全不同的。所以高中生花大精力在背誦和記憶大學(xué)四六級詞匯無疑是浪費時間和青春的一種行為。筆者的學(xué)生中有很多已經(jīng)順利通過大學(xué)四六級考試，有的甚至是高分通過，但是他們的雅思寫作分?jǐn)?shù)卻是很低，有些甚至連5分都沒有到。顯然僅靠背誦四六級詞匯是無法順利通過雅思寫作考試的。

針對這一誤區(qū)，建議考生多閱讀國外學(xué)術(shù)類報告，積累詞匯和慣用句型，或者看劍橋雅思系列真題集1-7，里面的閱讀文章包括附錄中考官給出的高分范文中的詞匯都是雅思寫作考試的重要詞匯。此外，有時間的高中生當(dāng)然應(yīng)該去參加專業(yè)和系統(tǒng)的雅思考前培訓(xùn)，在較短的時間內(nèi)，職業(yè)的雅思培訓(xùn)師會教會你們?nèi)绾握_科學(xué)并高效地準(zhǔn)備雅思考試。

誤區(qū)二：裸考雅思，以考代替復(fù)習(xí)

有些高中生認為只要多參加雅思考試，分?jǐn)?shù)自然會提高;而且他們說也沒有太多時間看書復(fù)習(xí)或是參加雅思培訓(xùn)班。

雅思考試并不是一門“廉價”的考試，參加一次雅思考試基本費用為人民幣1456元。有些去外省市考試的同學(xué)還要考慮交通和住宿費用。對于絕大多數(shù)高中生的家庭來說，這并不是一筆很小的開支。因此不斷連續(xù)參加雅思考試，屢戰(zhàn)屢敗，屢敗屢戰(zhàn)不是很聰明的方法。而且考多了會對高中生的心理產(chǎn)生一定的影響。盡管雅思考試并不像高考那樣一考定終生，每年有40多場雅思考試可以參加。但是毫無準(zhǔn)備的去參加考試本身是一種不成熟和對自己不負責(zé)，對父母血汗錢的一種褻瀆。因此建議高中生必須經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)或者自學(xué)后，有一定的準(zhǔn)備和把握了再去參加雅思考試，以期順利通過。

誤區(qū)三：反復(fù)做劍橋真題系列，就能得到寫作高分

劍橋真題系列是一套非常經(jīng)典和權(quán)威的雅思應(yīng)考資料，可以這么說，所有準(zhǔn)備參加雅思考試的考生基本人手都有一套劍橋的教材。有高中生將其作為圣經(jīng)，反復(fù)做里面的套題，以期節(jié)省培訓(xùn)費用和時間，在雅思考試中取得不錯的分?jǐn)?shù)。誠然，筆者接觸過幾個沒有參加過任何培訓(xùn)，只是通過做劍橋真題就考出不錯成績的同學(xué)。但是這些同學(xué)共同的一個特征就是英語基本功扎實，智力很高，邏輯思維出色，學(xué)習(xí)方法得當(dāng)。但是對于普通高中生來說，只做真題，不總結(jié)，不反復(fù)推敲，顯然是不行的。

正確的做法是要仔細拜讀劍橋附錄中考官撰寫的雅思范文，推敲其段落布局，詞匯句型，發(fā)展思路等。有條件的同學(xué)可以請職業(yè)雅思培訓(xùn)師幫你們解讀，或者參加培訓(xùn)班的時候聽老師的講解。

誤區(qū)四：大量背誦寫作模板

很多高中生過于相信一些寫作論壇或者寫作書上推薦的寫作模板，并且將其運用到雅思考試中去，但是最后的分?jǐn)?shù)卻是差強人意。其實模板作為一種解讀雅思寫作思路的工具還是起到一定作用的，考生可以通過閱讀寫作模板來迅速了解雅思寫作段落布局和層次。但是談及考試時的運用，筆者不敢茍同。多年第一線雅思寫作培訓(xùn)過程中，凡是寫作在7分以上的學(xué)生，幾乎沒有人是使用寫作模板的。而且鐘情于模版的學(xué)生一般的寫作分?jǐn)?shù)甚至連6分都不到。所以不推薦同學(xué)大量背誦寫作模板，理由很簡單，寫作是“活”的，模板是“死”的。

正確的方法是多寫，寫之前要對雅思的2部分寫作結(jié)構(gòu)有一定了解，詞匯和句型要有一定積累，最好是能參加專業(yè)培訓(xùn)，遇到一些有經(jīng)驗的寫作老師，在你考前助你一臂之力，這樣一定可以取得理想的成績。

誤區(qū)五：光看范文而不寫

只看不寫肯定不能在雅思寫作考試中考出應(yīng)有成績。因為雅思寫作考試只有1小時時間，而且要完成2篇高質(zhì)量學(xué)術(shù)文章。高中生平時只是單純閱讀高分范文或者老師寫的文章，而自己不去親力親為地寫作的話，首先無法對于時間有個很好的掌控，即使是英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生，若在考試前不寫的話也是不行的。其次，如果不寫的話有些單詞拼寫錯誤或者句型語法錯誤就無法及時暴露，從而這些語法錯誤只能成為最終考試的絆腳石。因此參加雅思考試的高中生在考試前一定要練習(xí)一定數(shù)量的寫作題目。