托福寫(xiě)作怎樣運(yùn)用好修辭手段
托福寫(xiě)作會(huì)運(yùn)用好修辭手段是非常重要的，托福寫(xiě)作怎樣運(yùn)用好修辭手段?下面小編就和大家分享托福寫(xiě)作怎樣運(yùn)用好修辭手段。希望能夠幫助到大家，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福寫(xiě)作怎樣運(yùn)用好修辭手段
首先，我們先來(lái)看看詞匯量。所謂詞匯量，從宏觀出發(fā)指的是你所掌握的單詞總數(shù)。比如說(shuō)你為了參加托?？荚?，整日茶飯不思，大門(mén)不出在家苦苦求索，用無(wú)數(shù)大腦細(xì)胞換來(lái)的單詞記憶量。
這個(gè)首先保證的是你的閱讀能力，當(dāng)你看到這個(gè)單詞的時(shí)候好像形同陌路，也有點(diǎn)似曾相識(shí)，但是可以很大程度上幫助你理解整篇文章的意思，如此一來(lái)，你做托福閱讀部分的時(shí)候，詞匯量的大小決定了你對(duì)文章的認(rèn)知程度。可是對(duì)于寫(xiě)作而言，這個(gè)單詞量就要另當(dāng)別論了，或許你可以有幾萬(wàn)個(gè)單詞在大腦里，可是談到寫(xiě)作，就很難用單詞量來(lái)衡量你的具體應(yīng)用了;換句話說(shuō)，你認(rèn)識(shí)他們每一個(gè)人，但是他們是不是認(rèn)識(shí)你就不好說(shuō)了。
很多同學(xué)背單詞的堅(jiān)韌精神讓我佩服不已，但一如既往地記憶的確很好，可是在寫(xiě)作方面還是有很多苦惱：一般是提筆忘字或者高級(jí)詞匯的使用，還有就是句型過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單羅列，使得整篇文章缺少亮點(diǎn)和層次感。想要避免提筆忘字，就要談到詞匯要怎么記憶了，純粹的單詞表記憶，破壞了單詞之間的聯(lián)系性，積累寫(xiě)作方面的單詞，最好不要逐一地背單詞表，按照字母順序排列的單詞，彼此之間的聯(lián)系太少。針對(duì)這一特點(diǎn)，市場(chǎng)上TOEFL寫(xiě)作類(lèi)的圖書(shū)都做了很多調(diào)整，經(jīng)常在每篇范文之后附加了文章中好的詞匯和短語(yǔ)，這樣在你學(xué)習(xí)了范文的寫(xiě)法之后，再回味一下文章中的詞匯精華，一舉兩得。如果有充分的時(shí)間，可以選擇一些文字類(lèi)新聞多一些的英文網(wǎng)站，Yahoo，MSN之類(lèi)的就不錯(cuò)。通過(guò)閱讀新聞來(lái)積累單詞，首先很多社會(huì)新聞可以成為我們寫(xiě)作的構(gòu)思素材，其次多元化的新聞，不容易產(chǎn)生死背單詞的枯燥感。
關(guān)于高級(jí)詞匯在托福寫(xiě)作中的應(yīng)用，我覺(jué)得要順其自然。有些考生總是喜歡找一些級(jí)別高的單詞，甚至是被人冷落的單詞進(jìn)行記憶，這就好像讓莎士比亞去考托福一樣，級(jí)別相差太多。我見(jiàn)過(guò)很多學(xué)生，尤其是高中生，因?yàn)橛洃浟€保持在茂盛期，所以偏愛(ài)這種類(lèi)型的記憶;這樣做的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于你的單詞量擴(kuò)展得很好，基本可以參加GRE的考試，缺點(diǎn)就是犧牲太多時(shí)間，也會(huì)損害記憶能力。針對(duì)托福寫(xiě)作考試，詞匯上的升級(jí)其實(shí)也很簡(jiǎn)單，我們來(lái)看下邊這個(gè)例子：
important significant magnificent
具體應(yīng)用到句子中：
1. WTO is planning an important conference about commercial regulations.
2. It is a significant contribution to the society.
3. We have visited the magnificent Forbidden city.
這幾個(gè)詞大家都很熟悉，都有“重要，華麗”的意思?？墒亲鳛橥?jí)比較的形容詞，它們之間的關(guān)系則是遞進(jìn)式的，其強(qiáng)調(diào)的重要或者華麗的程度也在逐漸提升。如果你按照這樣的順序來(lái)進(jìn)行記憶，不但可以記牢這幾個(gè)單詞，而且可以得到如何應(yīng)用的真諦。所以所謂的高級(jí)詞匯的應(yīng)用，要從基礎(chǔ)開(kāi)始，打好基礎(chǔ)之后再進(jìn)行積累，切忌操之過(guò)急。再來(lái)看看下邊這個(gè)例子：
Humility humiliate humiliated humiliating
這幾個(gè)詞匯都是由humility衍生出來(lái)的，但是意思大不相同，humility是我們的傳統(tǒng)美德，叫做“謙卑”，和pride正好是反義詞;而humiliate卻是“使人蒙塵”的意思，humiliate和humiliating 一般口語(yǔ)使用偏多，指的是“感覺(jué)很丟臉，沒(méi)有面子”。例如：I feel humiliated 或者 it is humiliating. 有時(shí)候，與其花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間去記憶新單詞和詞組，都不如在已經(jīng)掌握的單詞中進(jìn)行聯(lián)想性的擴(kuò)展來(lái)的有效和實(shí)惠。其實(shí)道理很簡(jiǎn)單，說(shuō)一個(gè)東西好，很好，到非常好，相當(dāng)好，甚至好到不能再好，這是一個(gè)縱向比較的記憶方法，按照級(jí)別的不同進(jìn)行選擇性的記憶和使用。
我們?cè)倏纯聪逻呥@個(gè)例子：
So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk，what a briliant mission!
這句話是某英文網(wǎng)站對(duì)神舟七號(hào)的評(píng)價(jià)，這個(gè)屬于句子的倒裝，但是強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容是amazing。這個(gè)詞意思很廣泛，而且同義詞也有很多，例如incredible, wonderful, 甚至unbelievable，這里用amazing是表示難以置信的好，類(lèi)似incredible，是對(duì)太空行走這次任務(wù)完成的積極評(píng)價(jià)，這就是高級(jí)詞匯的同等記憶了，這幾個(gè)詞都有“美妙，奇妙，難以置信”之類(lèi)的意思，記憶的方法屬于橫向比較，也就是說(shuō)，都是表示好到不能再好之類(lèi)的意思，但是好的方向不同，所以單詞的選擇會(huì)有區(qū)別。
托福寫(xiě)作中句子句型的使用
我們來(lái)看看句子吧。針對(duì)托福寫(xiě)作的特點(diǎn)，一篇接近300字的議論文，IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同時(shí)，也需要文章有精彩的內(nèi)容?？墒俏恼缕邢蓿覀儍H僅需要熟練地應(yīng)用幾個(gè)不同的句型，就一定會(huì)給評(píng)分人留下很深刻的印象了
句子中的修辭
我們看看下邊的幾個(gè)例句：
1. Knowledge will never lie
知之為知之，不知為不知，是智也。
這個(gè)句子使用了擬人的修辭手法，賦予了knowledge生命，形象化了知識(shí)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，同時(shí)也避免了直接翻譯的繁瑣冗長(zhǎng)。
2. That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。
那一信息使所有正在找工作的人為之一震。
這個(gè)句子也間接使用了擬人的手法，人性化了Information這個(gè)詞，come可以把人們接受信息的過(guò)程表達(dá)的更生動(dòng)。
3. Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life
自信在你一生中扮演極其重要的角色
這個(gè)句子中never和fail表示雙重否定，用以加強(qiáng)肯定的成分。
這幾種句子中的修辭手法都可以使句子的意思表達(dá)起來(lái)更生動(dòng)，讓人讀起來(lái)容易接受，同時(shí)也避免了直接翻譯的很多缺點(diǎn)。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句的應(yīng)用和舉例說(shuō)明
孔子《論語(yǔ)》中的這個(gè)經(jīng)典語(yǔ)句可謂家喻戶曉，一句“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái)，不亦樂(lè)乎”道出了中華民族作為禮儀之邦的特點(diǎn)。在托福中，這句話可以應(yīng)用在關(guān)于friendship的文章，這句話直譯過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)的是：有朋友從很遠(yuǎn)的地方來(lái)看你難道不是一件很開(kāi)心的事情嗎?通過(guò)中文理解，我們知道這句話所強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是：一件很開(kāi)心的事情。“開(kāi)心”有很多詞匯可以選擇，常用的有happy和glad，高級(jí)一點(diǎn)的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高級(jí)一點(diǎn)的還有incredible和delightful。應(yīng)用到實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中，可以使用it is 做一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句來(lái)凸顯這句話的特點(diǎn)，例如：
It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。
在這個(gè)句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很平常，每個(gè)人都會(huì)寫(xiě)，所以即使是評(píng)卷人看到這個(gè)句子也不會(huì)覺(jué)得稀奇，那么作為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，恰好是delightful這個(gè)詞，代表了一種發(fā)自心底的喜悅和開(kāi)心，讓讀過(guò)這個(gè)句子的人都有眼前一亮的感覺(jué)，這也就達(dá)到了強(qiáng)調(diào)句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快樂(lè)之意，但是和delightful相比就顯得不夠級(jí)別了，明顯高興的程度不一樣，delightful更能顯示一種喜悅帶來(lái)的興奮，迎接千里迢迢來(lái)訪的朋友這樣的表達(dá)最恰當(dāng)不過(guò)了?？梢云鸬綇?qiáng)調(diào)作用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)有很多，我們能夠用到的同位語(yǔ)從句和倒裝句都有這樣的作用，例如：
It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth.
這句話中that后邊引導(dǎo)的就是要強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容，即an undeniable fact. 為了突出harm the Earth是一個(gè)不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)，做成這樣一個(gè)句子。
Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dispute.
托?？荚囎魑莫?dú)立寫(xiě)作范文：政府保護(hù)自然環(huán)境應(yīng)采取什么措施
What is the most important action for the government to take for the protection of environmental problems? Fund researches on new energy sources such as solar and wind power? Protect forests and natural wildlife species? Pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.
三選一類(lèi)題目會(huì)給出三個(gè)選項(xiàng)A, B, C讓學(xué)生去選擇一個(gè)。這種題的答題方法為開(kāi)頭段-正文段第一段B好-正文段第二段B的另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)-正文段第三段B比A好/A的缺點(diǎn)和B比C好/C的缺點(diǎn)-結(jié)尾段。
What one of the following is the most important action for the government to take for the protection of natural environment?
(1)fund research on new energy sources such as solar and wind power;
(2)preserve natural places such as forests and natural wildlife species.
(3)pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution produced by companies and industries
點(diǎn)睛：
題目大意：對(duì)政府來(lái)說(shuō)，要想保護(hù)自然環(huán)境，政府最應(yīng)該采取哪項(xiàng)措施：資助研究新能源，保護(hù)棲息地和動(dòng)物，制定法規(guī)來(lái)減少公司的污染排放。 此題目為三選一的題目，波波提醒各位小伙伴，對(duì)于這樣的題目，我們有兩點(diǎn)要做到：1.必須要清楚選出一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，2.三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在整篇文章論述中務(wù)必都要提到。只要能做到上述兩點(diǎn)即可，所以三選一題目的寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)非常靈活，下面是波波選擇的一種寫(xiě)法，僅供參考。
范文參考一:
Taking a panoromic view of human history, we can readily find that the natural environment plays an enormously important role in determing the future of each and every country. Given the great significance of clean environment, the general public as well as the governors begin to wonder which is the most essential action to protect the environment, among funding new energy research, preserving natural habitat or enacting strict laws. Towards such a long-running tug-of-war, I am inclined to argue that national governments should invest financial support in developing new energy sources.
Initially, spending more money in discovering new energy can radically solve the various environmental problems. As is common sense, the deteriorating environment is the result of the overexploitation of fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas. To be specific, numerous chemical plants usually burn the coal to provide power for manufacturing all kinds of goods designed to satisfy the basic needs of the general public. As a result, a large amounts of industrial wastes are discharged to take a toll on the natural environment. Also, an increasing number of petrol-powered automobiles will definitely emit car exhause(e.g. fumes and toxic gas), which can increase the likelihood of the public suffering from respiratory diseases. All the above problems related to environment can be resolved by find new and clean energy like solar energy, wind power and tidal power. Undoubtedly, replacing the traditional energy with the new ones can dramatically decrease the pollution and contamination, thus leading to a better living environment. For example, once the cars uses the electricity instead of petrol, the air quality will improve to a large extent.
Secondly, there are conspicuous limitation of the other two options. As for preserving natural places, the effect of this practice is relatively restricted. To illustrate, the traditional energy sources are usually exploited and discovered in the natural places. Consequently, the preservation of natural places will hinder the access to various energy and thus impede the progress of the whole society. Also, the same logic applies to passing laws to reduce pollution. It is an indisputable fact that across the globe, many countries now are heaviely dependent on the industries and factories which produce pollutions. In other words, once the law of punishing these companies is enforced, these corporation may have to cut down their output and make less profits, even ending up going bankcrupt. Accordingly, the national economy and the living standard of the public will suffer too.
Factoring what has been discussed above, we can conclude that funding research of environmental friendly energy will be more preferable, because finding proper alternative energy is the key to solving the environmental problems comprehensively.
寫(xiě)作參考二:
The statement above attempts to assert whether funding on environmental friendly resources, preserving wildlife species, or enforcing laws to be the most crucial way to protect the environment has long been centered in dispute. Too often people hold the idea inventing new energy resources and passing laws could be effective ways to eradicate environmental related issues. However, as far as I am concerned protecting plants and animals would be a much more direct and sufficient solution.
To the extent that species extinction is the result of anthropogenic events such as direct or indirect human activities and further threaten the delicate balance which all animal including human beings depend upon. Thus protecting the forests and natural wildlife species has the priority to be dealt with. For example, the extinction of the dodo, a flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, was directly attributable to human activity. As the nature is an intricate matrix of interdependent relationships, in which each species depends on many others for its survival, the dying out of Dodo caused a certain native tree whose seeds dispersed by Dodo, extinct either. Nowadays, many species face the similar circumstance either and it greatly results in human being’s greedy. To make mechanic profit, the underground dealers trade the skin of the Siberian Tiger, and horn of the Tibetan Antelope and the African Elephant, making those animals hardly ensure the preservation. For protecting the balanced ecosystem, human beings should place a very high affirmative duty to protect wildlife species.
In addition, many species possess great values to human race, some of which are not realized by human yet, requiring people to protect them without any effort. Thermal insulation and conductive resistance enables latex, extracting from the rubber tree, to be the essential component of industrial products for daily uses, such as rubber gloves and rubber sheath. Not only plants play an important role in industrial field, but works for medical perspective as well, especially function as Chinese herbal medicine. For instance, marijuana provides relief from pain and Lianqiao helps with heat removing. If cutting down most of the rubber trees and herbal species, we will leave limited resources for our future generation. For the reason above, it is essential for human beings contribute more on wildlife species protection to handle environmental resources shortage problems.
Admittedly, allocate money on new energy and pass laws to reduce pollution have the merit, however, they are impractical. Take spending on natural energy as an example. On the one threshold, with the technology we have now, the energy sources are not stable and even costly. Wind and solar energy cannot be obtained on a calm and cloudy day. On the other one, they cost the country a lot. I do not deny that wind and solar energy, cleaner energy as they are, would be a wiser choice for developed counties who have money and resources to solve the carbine dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and toxic gases relevant problems and to a great extend release environmental pressure, such as global warming jeopardy. However, when it comes to developing countries, poverty, higher unemployment rate, and high inflation are all problems that developing countries need to worry about. The better solution is to encourage factories to produce more goods and services. To cut down the costs, it is inevitable to produce air and water pollutions. Passing laws and inventing impede the economic growth on a large scale.
In sum, considering the financial and practical analyzing, it is safe to conclude that preserve wildlife species is the most important action to protect the natural environment rather than creating new energy and enforcing laws.
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