托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段如何寫出高分水準(zhǔn)
托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段如何寫出高分水準(zhǔn)?4個(gè)基本步驟介紹。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段如何寫出高分水準(zhǔn) ,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段如何寫出高分水準(zhǔn)?4個(gè)基本步驟介紹
為什么寫不好托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段?
托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段寫不好的問題比較普遍,之所以會(huì)存在這種問題,主要是由這些原因造成的。首先,在獨(dú)立寫作的寫作框架中,一般都包括開頭段、中間段和結(jié)尾段三大段落結(jié)構(gòu)的劃分。而從考試時(shí)間分配的角度來(lái)看,審題到完成70至90字左右的開頭段,往往都建議把時(shí)間控制在5分鐘以內(nèi),以便留出更為充分的時(shí)間進(jìn)行中間段、結(jié)尾段的寫作及最后檢查。加上開頭段看似簡(jiǎn)單、好操作的特點(diǎn),很容易讓許多考生忽略對(duì)開頭段的練習(xí)和總結(jié);或者是匆匆下筆;當(dāng)然其中也存在一些學(xué)生看到獨(dú)立寫作題目后不知道如何下筆,導(dǎo)致后半部分時(shí)間沒把握好、完成不佳的情況。那么綜合以上的幾種可能性的情況,我們?cè)撊绾慰焖賹懞瞄_頭呢?
托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段寫法基礎(chǔ)步驟介紹
作為一篇文章的起始段,毫無(wú)疑問,開頭段的寫作好壞與否能夠給包括閱卷老師在內(nèi)的廣大讀者留下一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)印象,即初步了解考生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言組織基礎(chǔ)和邏輯能力。因此,為了便于廣大考生快速且高效地掌握獨(dú)立寫作的開頭段方法,更好地呈現(xiàn)其語(yǔ)言及邏輯能力,在開頭段的寫作中,小編建議大家先掌握基礎(chǔ)的“四部曲”的寫作步驟:
1. 背景鋪墊
在獨(dú)立寫作的背景鋪墊中,首先我們需要明晰獨(dú)立寫作??嫉?5個(gè)topic,其中包括education,technology,sports等。在審題、理解題意之后,可以適當(dāng)定位關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行文題分析和頭腦風(fēng)暴,進(jìn)行社會(huì)背景定位。如托福獨(dú)立寫作真題:Which is more important in one's career life? The working knowledge and skills or the ability to adapt to new conditions.我們可以定位其核心關(guān)鍵詞為 career life;working knowledge and skills和adaptability為選擇項(xiàng);可以定位本題所屬topic為work,因此可以以“work or career life”作為背景鋪墊進(jìn)行開頭段第一句話的寫作。
示范:
Increasingly,under the backdrop of the fierce social competition and the need for searching for individual growth,people especially employees show great concern to their career development.
2. 文題引入
此步驟一定不要直接抄寫原題。結(jié)合第一句的背景鋪墊,可適當(dāng)改寫題目,引出有爭(zhēng)議性的argument。
示范:
Naturally,considering the career development,several necessary factors should be taken into account.Then,compared with the ability to adapt to new conditions,is the working knowledge more important for that ?
3. 立場(chǎng)點(diǎn)明
立場(chǎng)是開頭段最為重要且核心的句子,其作用是表明了考生對(duì)這一論題的態(tài)度,且后面內(nèi)容的陳述也是建立在這一立場(chǎng)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行論證、分析;立場(chǎng)表明時(shí),盡量用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行表述最佳。
4. 過渡承接
過渡句的作用是承上啟下,承接開頭段內(nèi)容的同時(shí),以一種自然流暢的方式簡(jiǎn)要引出下文,從而加強(qiáng)文章的邏輯關(guān)系;也可以適當(dāng)提及中間段會(huì)涉及的論點(diǎn),進(jìn)行實(shí)際內(nèi)容的鋪墊。建議大家多進(jìn)行練習(xí)和范文積累,一定可以總結(jié)出不同的過渡句寫作方式。
示范:
… with several reasons to exemplify.
總而言之,托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段想要寫好其實(shí)也并沒有大家想的那么復(fù)雜,只有按照上文提到的方法練好開頭段的寫法基礎(chǔ),在結(jié)合自身的寫作能力作進(jìn)一步的提升,那么考生想要寫好托福獨(dú)立寫作開頭段也絕非難事。
人手一份的托福寫作高分模板
A or B
托福寫作模板-開頭
An increasing number of people begin to realize/ complain/ question that...
OR: The majority of people tend to have a favorable/ an unfavorable attitude towards something
OR: X.X.X has now caused wide public concern
OR: When it comes to... people often consider...
The thing is, which X.X.X, A or B, (is a more efficient mean of learning/ what do we mean by)? People may give various answers to this question.
OR:Ask people… and they may give a diverse of answers based on their individual value systems
Some believe that… while others/ some claim… On balance, my favor goes to A.
托福寫作模板-正文
To begin with, I concede that B serves as an independent factor in (a successful education)/ is of great value/ B is superior to A since
After all,
However compelling these cases may sound, B is not without its problems.
OR: However compelling these cases may sound, they cannot overshadow the significant role that
A plays in X.X. For example,
In this sense,
Therefore, too much emphasis on B is actually dangerous/ harmful and may go contrary to our primary purpose of
On the other hand, A can address/ respond to some people’s needs that B cannot
For one thing, For another,
托福寫作模板-結(jié)尾
In the final analysis, it is true that both A and B are part and parcel of X. However, considering the potential problems resulted from B and the great benefits of A, I believe it is sensible to (choose A)
托福寫作解析:超實(shí)用寫作攻略
托福寫作解析之內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單化
托福寫作內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單化是考生在構(gòu)思托福作文時(shí)應(yīng)遵循的原則??忌徽撌窃诰毩?xí)時(shí)還是在考場(chǎng)上都應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記這一點(diǎn)。許多考生在作文上敗下陣來(lái)就是因?yàn)榛ㄙM(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間和精力追求內(nèi)容的新穎別致,卻忽略了托??荚嚨哪康摹TS主要是考查考生對(duì)于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)用和理解上面,并不需要考生多么復(fù)雜或者高級(jí)的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式。考生在寫作時(shí)只要保證自己的內(nèi)容符合邏輯,能夠言之有理、言之成理、切題即可,還是應(yīng)該把注意力放在如何追求語(yǔ)言的得體性上。因此,考生在構(gòu)思內(nèi)容上不用花費(fèi)太長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,在認(rèn)真讀題并將其理解透徹以后,可以簡(jiǎn)單列個(gè)提綱,作為寫作過程中內(nèi)容的提示。從而能夠一氣呵成地完成托福文章,使得文章內(nèi)容更加的流暢。
托福寫作解析之結(jié)構(gòu)模式化
托福寫作解析的第二大策略是結(jié)構(gòu)模式化,這也是最核心的一條策略。針對(duì)托??荚囍锌赡艹霈F(xiàn)的題型按照固定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。托福寫作一般有三種結(jié)構(gòu)模式,一是一邊倒的結(jié)構(gòu)模式,這一模式又可分為兩種,一邊倒和修正型一邊倒。一邊倒是說考生在文章中完全同意一種觀點(diǎn),只需要列舉幾個(gè)理由,并展開討論,不會(huì)由于內(nèi)容復(fù)雜而產(chǎn)生邏輯的混亂,而缺點(diǎn)在于相對(duì)單一的內(nèi)容會(huì)使考生覺得沒有太多話可寫。修正型一邊倒的寫法是指考生即可以寫贊成這種觀點(diǎn)的理由,也可以談反對(duì)它的理由。第二種是折衷的寫法,考生可以先寫贊成一種觀點(diǎn)的幾點(diǎn)理由,接著寫贊成另一種觀點(diǎn)的理由,最后考生就自己的情況,明確表示最終贊成哪一種觀點(diǎn)。
托福寫作解析之語(yǔ)言包裝化
做到內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單化和結(jié)構(gòu)模式化,考生就已經(jīng)向TOEFL高分作文的目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)了一大步,如果考生還能在語(yǔ)言的細(xì)節(jié)上下一些功夫,托福作文的分?jǐn)?shù)就會(huì)更上一層樓,這也就是我們接下來(lái)要講的托福寫作解析內(nèi)容:語(yǔ)言要包裝。前面我們已經(jīng)說過,托福作文的測(cè)試重點(diǎn)是考生的語(yǔ)言能力,因而在語(yǔ)言細(xì)節(jié)上下一點(diǎn)功夫就可以讓考生展示自己的語(yǔ)言修養(yǎng)。作文中語(yǔ)言的包裝主要應(yīng)從以下六點(diǎn)入手:語(yǔ)法方面的包裝,詞匯的包裝,文化移入,引用名人名言,地道的英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ),文體意識(shí)。
托??荚噺?fù)習(xí)攻略之托福寫作十大高分句型盤點(diǎn)
01
定語(yǔ)從句
這應(yīng)該算是寫作中最常用的一種句型之一。適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句可以給你的文章增色不少。
例:Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex.
→ Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.
02
狀語(yǔ)從句
在寫作當(dāng)中運(yùn)用的最多的是以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句,即原因狀語(yǔ)從句,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,條件狀語(yǔ)從句,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
1. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句:常由because, as, since和for引導(dǎo)
例: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.
盡管如此,我還是贊成太空探險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗暮锰庍h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于壞處。
2. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引導(dǎo)
例: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
盡管這一觀點(diǎn)被廣泛接受,很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點(diǎn)、任何年齡進(jìn)行。
3. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句:常由if, on the condition that和providing that引導(dǎo)
例: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared.
假如你要取得成就或要實(shí)現(xiàn)你的雄心壯志,你必須努力工作、艱苦奮斗、準(zhǔn)備好條件。
4. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:常由when和while引導(dǎo)
例: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
說到教育,大部分人認(rèn)為其是一個(gè)終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
5. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句: 常由so that和in order that引導(dǎo)
例: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.
成千上萬(wàn)的人們不得不花費(fèi)的精力和時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識(shí),使得他們?cè)诰蜆I(yè)市場(chǎng)能保持優(yōu)勢(shì)。
03
賓語(yǔ)從句
例1: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.
一些人認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境污染負(fù)主要責(zé)任。
例2: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.
許多專家指出這是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展必然的結(jié)果,無(wú)法避免。
04
同位語(yǔ)從句
例1: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serious.
環(huán)境污染變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重是不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)。
例2: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.
沒有人能否認(rèn)這一基本事實(shí):對(duì)于一般工人來(lái)講,輕松掌握這些技術(shù)是不可能的。
05
主語(yǔ)從句
例1: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.
值得注意的是農(nóng)村和城市的生態(tài)環(huán)境都在不斷惡化。
例2: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole.
眾所周知,環(huán)境污染問題是中國(guó)乃至世界面臨的最為嚴(yán)重的問題之一。
06
強(qiáng)調(diào)句
It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容 + that
例: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.
汽車和工廠排放大量的廢氣,使得環(huán)境被污染。
07
倒裝句
例: Only if the government take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.
只有政府采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧@個(gè)棘手的問題才能被解決。
08
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
例: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.
人們應(yīng)竭盡全力來(lái)保護(hù)我們賴以生存的環(huán)境。
09
分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。
例1: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.
旅游業(yè)是一個(gè)新興的行業(yè),它成為經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要, 在很多東南亞國(guó)家起著尤為重要的作用。
例2: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately.
具體來(lái)說,政府應(yīng)該出臺(tái)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)對(duì)制造大量污染物的工廠及故意亂扔垃圾隨地吐痰的人進(jìn)行嚴(yán)懲。
10
插入語(yǔ)
一種獨(dú)立成分,與句子的其它成分一般沒有語(yǔ)法上的關(guān)系,大都是對(duì)一句話作一些附加說明或解釋。它通常由一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子構(gòu)成,位置較為靈活,可置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)與句子隔開。
例1: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.
電腦,我們生活中必不可少的一部分,給我們帶來(lái)了極大的方便。
例2: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.
大學(xué)生,沒有社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn),容易上當(dāng)受騙。