Issue與argument備考的不同點(diǎn)

Issue與argument備考的不同點(diǎn)，快來(lái)一起看看吧，分享下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

Issue與argument備考的不同點(diǎn)

Issue：準(zhǔn)備提綱

Issue要求考生根據(jù)所給的題目，完成一篇表明立場(chǎng)的邏輯立論文。Issue題庫(kù)涉及社會(huì)、文化、科技、歷史、政治、藝術(shù)等諸多方面。不同類型的題目有較大差別，但在同一類型的題目中卻包含了許多命題方向非常接近的題目。

Issue寫作對(duì)于論據(jù)的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的儲(chǔ)備，相關(guān)知識(shí)量的積累是非常重要的。這一環(huán)節(jié)也正是GRE考生最為頭疼的一部分，舉不出支持自己的觀點(diǎn)的例子，因此讓自己的文章顯得只有蒼白的論證，缺乏說服力。因此要多讀歷史，積累例子，尤其關(guān)注那些重要的哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家、政治領(lǐng)袖等人的生平事跡、主要貢獻(xiàn)。例如Issue里的這樣一道真題：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society?！?真正影響深遠(yuǎn)的思想家和具有高度創(chuàng)造力的藝術(shù)家總是與他們的時(shí)代和社會(huì)步伐不一致)。這個(gè)題目如果沒有必備的那些思想家和藝術(shù)家的例子，文章必然缺乏說服力。因此讀歷史積累寫作素材，具體說就是論據(jù)素材是拿高分的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。

另外，寫提綱對(duì)于Issue部分的備考是至關(guān)重要的，也是最占用時(shí)間、最核心的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。每一個(gè)題目的提綱力求詳細(xì)，不用去寫開頭段和結(jié)尾段，就寫正文各段你的各個(gè)分支觀點(diǎn)，也就是正文部分的論證過程。除了論證以外，寫完后想想可以用些什么論據(jù)，把支持論證的論據(jù)也寫上。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，一定要較為詳細(xì)地寫Issue提綱，否則，在考場(chǎng)如果遇到?jīng)]有思考過的題目，很容易自亂陣腳，導(dǎo)致失敗。此外，題目必須考前按題材分類去寫提綱，看懂，知道對(duì)立面和大致寫作思路。論據(jù)往往在同類的很多題目中通用。寫完提綱后，再寫20-40篇完整的文章(語(yǔ)言能力弱的話，盡量多寫)。

Argument：掌握邏輯

Argument要求考生分析所給題目，完成一篇駁論文，指出并且有力地駁斥題目中的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤。Argument部分，首先要熟悉每一個(gè)題目，找出主要的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，也就是Argument題目的提綱，同時(shí)每一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤準(zhǔn)備一套語(yǔ)言套路去說。寫完每一個(gè)題目的提綱后，寫10-15篇完整的文章(語(yǔ)言能力弱的話，可以增加寫作量)，找partner幫你改，知道錯(cuò)誤以后再重寫。

有些考生寫GRE文章，喜歡用專業(yè)性的邏輯用語(yǔ)，其實(shí)沒有必要，就事論事比較好。在批駁的時(shí)候?yàn)榱孙@得有力，可以多用用for example、it is possible that、it is likely that之類的句型，因?yàn)锳rgument就是挑錯(cuò)與找茬的過程。如果實(shí)在覺得錯(cuò)誤不好找，那么就根據(jù)每一句話批，基本上，每一個(gè)表示原因的句子中都可能存在邏輯錯(cuò)誤。

有人認(rèn)為，Argument背一下錯(cuò)誤分類就可以了。但是在實(shí)踐中這些只是次要的方面，主要的還在于尋找論述者的論據(jù)和事實(shí)是否對(duì)論點(diǎn)做了充分且必要的證明。只有找出他們之間的缺點(diǎn)和不足,文章才會(huì)流暢。掌握邏輯的因果關(guān)系，更好地把握文章的結(jié)論,會(huì)寫出更漂亮的文章，而不是僅僅的survey、response、data等一些誰(shuí)都用的東西，無(wú)論什么都是越具體越有說服力。

難度： Issue>Argument

總的來(lái)看，Issue難度高于Argument。對(duì)于考生來(lái)說，Issue比Argument要求擁有更扎實(shí)的寫作功底和更嚴(yán)密的邏輯思維。同時(shí)，ETS對(duì)于Issue的模板化和plagiarisms更加敏感。總之，獲得Issue高分需要較多的努力。相比之下，Argument內(nèi)容相對(duì)單一(出錯(cuò)的邏輯類型比較少)，題目中給了考生更多的提示信息，因此提高Argument成績(jī)?nèi)菀滓恍?/p>

參照ETS評(píng)過分的范文，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)：無(wú)論Issue還是Argument在評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上都有共同之處：第一，觀點(diǎn)要有深度，論證要有說服力;第二，組織要有條理，表達(dá)清晰準(zhǔn)確;第三，語(yǔ)言流利，句式復(fù)雜，詞匯豐富。這三條說的也就是行文的“思想性”、“結(jié)構(gòu)性”以及“表達(dá)性”。眾多高分作文的考生大凡都在這三個(gè)方面做得很好，我們理所當(dāng)然也要從這里入手，采取“各個(gè)擊破”的方法解剖GRE作文的本質(zhì)，從而得到一個(gè)理想分?jǐn)?shù)。

GRE寫作：政府該如何對(duì)待藝術(shù)

【關(guān)于“政府和藝術(shù)”的GRE Issue原題】

82"Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit."

101"Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people."

【關(guān)于“政府和藝術(shù)”的GMAT Issue原題】

22. Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.

對(duì)于GRE和GMAT這種政府要不要資助藝術(shù)以及藝術(shù)作品是否應(yīng)該受到政府的監(jiān)督的話題，我們給大家補(bǔ)充論證素材如下：

政府雖然有義務(wù)支持藝術(shù)，但藝術(shù)家必須清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到，政府對(duì)藝術(shù)的管制也是必須的、不可避免的。

The artists who have expectations of support without controls do not really understand the basic nature of government as organized force. Any government, whether communist or democratic, represents political and coercive forces. All the resources and powers of the government tend to be deployed to serve the interests of the political group in control and also to deal with things that threaten the very survival of the state. This is as true of the United States as it is of the Soviet Union. Either type of government must also establish bureaus and procedures for any of its activities, whether it's running the army or supporting artists. Any decision to make something a government activity is also a decision to place it under bureaucratic management with various controls and reporting methods for measurement of results.

GRE寫作官方題庫(kù)高頻ARGUMENT題目滿分范文分享：chain of stores selling health food

GRE作文官方題庫(kù)ARGUMENT題目：

Nature’s Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products, is opening its next franchise in the town of Plainesville. The store should prove to be very successful: Nature’s Way franchises tend to be most profitable in areas where residents lead healthy lives, and clearly Plainesville is such an area. Plainesville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. Finally, Plainesville’s schoolchildren represent a new generation of potential customers: these schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for-life program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

【滿分范文賞析】

In this memo the vice president of Nature’s Way (NW), a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plainesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) membership at the local health club has peaked; and (3) the city’s schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny illuminates the fact that the assumptions lend little credible support to the recommendation.

【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument開頭段結(jié)構(gòu)，即C—A—F的開頭結(jié)構(gòu)。段落首先概括原文的Conclusion，接下來(lái)概括原文為支持其結(jié)論所引用的一系列Assumption，最后給出開頭段到正文段的過渡句，指出原文的Flaw，即其Assumption不能為其結(jié)論提供可靠的支持。

【本段功能】本段作為Argument開頭段，具體功能就在于發(fā)起攻擊并概括原文的結(jié)論，即NW應(yīng)在Plainesville開店。本段接下來(lái)分布列舉了原文中NW的副總裁為支持其結(jié)論所引用的事實(shí)：(1)鍛煉鞋和服裝的銷售量空前的高;(2)當(dāng)?shù)亟∩砭銟凡康臅?huì)員數(shù)達(dá)到最高點(diǎn);(3)該市的學(xué)童被要求參加一個(gè)健康計(jì)劃。這些信息的歸納為正文段中即將進(jìn)行的具體攻擊作鋪墊。

Let’s first examine the assumptions that strong sales of exercise apparel indicated that Plainesville residents would be interested in NW’s products, or even that these residents are interested in exercising. Consider the possibility that exercise apparel could be in fashion. Perhaps exercise apparel is inexpensive compared to other types of clothing. For that matter, perhaps the stronger-than-usual sales are due to increasing sales to tourists. In short, without a conclusive market analysis, the vice president fails to provide a link between the sales of exercise clothing and the projected sales revenue of a new franchise. Therefore, a conclusion based on this particular assumption, that Plainesville residents would be interested in health food based on the sales of a particular style of clothes, is entirely undependable.

【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和其在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，接下來(lái)給出合理的理由和他因來(lái)反駁原文。

【本段功能】本段作為正文第一段，攻擊原文中出現(xiàn)的第一個(gè)重要邏輯錯(cuò)誤——因果類錯(cuò)誤。原文的因果鏈條如下：

P鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)服飾銷量高——P鎮(zhèn)居民對(duì)健身感興趣——P鎮(zhèn)居民對(duì)NW的健康食品感興趣。

這一因果鏈并不成立。首先，并不能推出，造成的原因也有可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)服的價(jià)錢便宜，或是旅游業(yè)帶動(dòng)等等。其次，即便成立，也不一定說明居民對(duì)NW健康食品感興趣。因此還需要提供具體的市場(chǎng)調(diào)查等證據(jù)來(lái)表明成立。

Let’s examine this assumption a little more in depth.The rate of membership at the local health club is little indication that NW will be “very successful” in Plainesville. It is possible that club members in thePlainesvillearea are nowhere near the anticipated site for the NW store. Perhaps the club’s primary appeal isn’t even health related. Maybe it is a social site attracting members only as a meeting place. Besides, the actual number of members was never mentioned. Even if the club’s members would patronize a NW store, these members might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the store.

【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第三個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和其在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，接下來(lái)給出合理的理由和他因來(lái)反駁原文。

【本段功能】本段作為正文第三段，攻擊原文中出現(xiàn)的第三個(gè)重要邏輯錯(cuò)誤——因果類錯(cuò)誤。本段對(duì)上面提到的假設(shè)作進(jìn)一步分析，并指出：當(dāng)?shù)亟∩砭銟凡康臅?huì)員數(shù)并不能預(yù)示NW將在Plainesville“非常成功”。例如，Plainesville地區(qū)的俱樂部會(huì)員可能離NW預(yù)期開店的地方很遠(yuǎn)，俱樂部的主要吸引力可能與健康無(wú)關(guān)，而只是一個(gè)為會(huì)員們提供集會(huì)地點(diǎn)的社交場(chǎng)所。另外，原文中也從未提及俱樂部會(huì)員的具體數(shù)目。即使俱樂部的會(huì)員們會(huì)光顧NW的商店，這些會(huì)員們?cè)跀?shù)量上也可能并不足以保證商店盈利。

Now, let’s attend the assumption that a mandatory fitness program inPlainesville’s schools somehow indicates that a franchise would be very successful there. Without a market analysis, we cannot determine the spending power of this demographic, nor can we determine their ability to affect overall household buying habits. Besides, mandatory participation is no indication of genuine interest in health, fitness or related products.

【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第四個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和其在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，接下來(lái)給出合理的理由和他因來(lái)反駁原文。

【本段功能】本段作為正文第四段，攻擊原文中出現(xiàn)的第四個(gè)重要邏輯錯(cuò)誤——因果類錯(cuò)誤。原文假設(shè)在Plainesville的學(xué)校中開設(shè)的一個(gè)強(qiáng)制性的健康計(jì)劃將以某種方式預(yù)示著NW的商店將會(huì)非常成功。如果沒有一個(gè)市場(chǎng)分析，我們不能確定該地區(qū)人們的購(gòu)買力，也不能確定他們影響全部住戶購(gòu)買習(xí)慣的能力。另外，強(qiáng)制性的參與也并不能體現(xiàn)出對(duì)于健康或相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的真實(shí)興趣。

In sum, the recommendation of the vice president relies on unproven assumptions, whichrender the argument unconvincing. To bolster argument and validate the recommendation, the vice president must provide clearerconnections between the argument and the assumptions upon which it is based.

【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument結(jié)尾段結(jié)構(gòu)，即C—S的結(jié)尾結(jié)構(gòu)。段落首先再次重申原文站不住腳的Conclusion，接下來(lái)給出可以增強(qiáng)原文說服力的合理的Suggestion，包括原文作者需要進(jìn)一步提供的證據(jù)和信息等。

【本段功能】本段作為Argument結(jié)尾段，具體功能即為總結(jié)歸納+提出建議。段落首先再次重申強(qiáng)調(diào)Argument作者的論證不合理，接下來(lái)給出合理的建議：副總裁必須對(duì)Argument和其所基于的Assumption之間提供更清晰的關(guān)聯(lián)。