托福閱讀infer題雙向思路破難題

任何題型的考察都是圍繞著托福閱讀文章本身來的，我們只要理清了托福閱讀文章的“套路”和邏輯，下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀infer題：不走尋常路，雙向思路破難題,希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀infer題：不走尋常路，雙向思路破難題

“infer”意為推斷推理，題干中有出現(xiàn)infer,imply,indicate或suggest這四個(gè)單詞，我們就判定這個(gè)題目為托福閱讀infer題(推斷題or推理題)。托福閱讀infer題顧名思義就是考察考生對文章沒有明說觀點(diǎn)或想法的推理能力，你可以理解為是考察隱藏的事實(shí)信息。如果讓所有考生投票選擇托福閱讀中最難的題型，大概莫過于推斷題和文章摘要題了，而文章摘要題我們尚且可以依賴文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架把握，托福閱讀infer題則是真正讓很多同學(xué)感到頭痛。

其實(shí)，任何題型的考察都是圍繞著托福閱讀文章本身來的，我們只要理清了托福閱讀文章的“套路”和邏輯，完全可以根據(jù)作者的思路和風(fēng)格去采取正向和逆向雙重思維解決推斷題。OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對文章中強(qiáng)烈建議但絕不明說觀點(diǎn)(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，屬于理解性題目。一般來說，托福閱讀infer題主要有以下三個(gè)解題步驟：

1.判斷題型。我們拿到題目，看到上面四個(gè)單詞中的任何一個(gè)，心中就想著這是推斷題，推斷題的做題宗旨是文章強(qiáng)烈暗示，要通過文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷。

2.審清題干，原文定位。仔細(xì)閱讀題干，弄清題干內(nèi)容，推斷方向，帶著題干核心信息到文章中準(zhǔn)確定位。

3.推測+判斷。根據(jù)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行正向或逆向的推理，最后擇優(yōu)而選，確定答案。

托福文章有很清晰的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，每個(gè)自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展開的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展開的。只有明白了文章的寫作思路才能更好更快的做對題目，作者必定是按照一定的行文順序編排段落的，如果畫一個(gè)水平軸作為事件發(fā)展的順序，推斷題是讓你從這個(gè)軸上的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)去推測，無非就兩個(gè)方向，順著軸發(fā)展的方向或者逆著軸發(fā)展的方向。具體來看，正向推斷和事實(shí)信息題的做題方法一樣，答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫;逆向推斷稍微復(fù)雜一點(diǎn)，大致分為時(shí)間和事物對比這兩類。

1)兩類事物對比，往往文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示對比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如官方真題Official 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2題，讓考生推測關(guān)于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句中存在著一個(gè)unlike,說不像sea otters,想象一下早期鯨類比較困難(not easy = difficult)，那我們逆推一下，不就是說想象早期sea otters長什么樣比較容易，正確答案中出現(xiàn)了not difficult,所以這道題很簡單。當(dāng)然ETS不會(huì)一直都出這么簡單的推斷題，這里只是給大家一個(gè)答題的方向。

Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.

10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?

○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.

○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.

○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.

○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.

解析：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞我們定位到文段的中間部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.

這道題可以當(dāng)做事實(shí)信息題去做，但注意不是原文的簡單重復(fù)，suggest是原文中indicate的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，我們只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重點(diǎn)，出現(xiàn)了too few, should have,情感態(tài)度推測一下，持否定態(tài)度，也就說說形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我們看選項(xiàng)，A中說Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客體與原文矛盾，排除;B選項(xiàng)The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.說不適合形成大量的水，持否定態(tài)度，符合原文，保留;C選項(xiàng)Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相關(guān)句中未提及，排除;D選項(xiàng)The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.說的是ancient oceans沒有，而不是原來有后來干涸了，與原文不符，排除，所以正確答案為B。

2)題干中出現(xiàn)表示時(shí)間的信息，比如：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如官方真題Official 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:

Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

題干中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)信息，一個(gè)是western farmers,一個(gè)是prior to 1815,帶著兩條信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中沒有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其實(shí)很簡單，只要把1815年之后的內(nèi)容看懂了，并且在這個(gè)內(nèi)容前面加not即可。舉個(gè)簡單的例子，“從現(xiàn)在起Jessica是個(gè)姑娘”，“請問你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術(shù)?”，其實(shí)這就算過分推斷了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是個(gè)姑娘。言歸正題，文中說到，改善的交通使得越來越多的西部農(nóng)民擺脫了自給自足的生活，并且進(jìn)入了國家性的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)，那個(gè)時(shí)候貨物的價(jià)格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長。

面對托福閱讀infer題，我們要把握住文章的整體邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)具體情況去綜合利用正向思維和逆向思維進(jìn)行合理推斷，同時(shí)注意千萬不要過度推理。托福閱讀infer題和其他任何托福題型的備考策略相似，不能光看攻略不做題，要通過有針對性的真題練習(xí)把這些技巧方法都融入到實(shí)際做題中，獲得托福閱讀能力與分?jǐn)?shù)的同步提高。

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring theenvironment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay,and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resourcesmay be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies putthese materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people chooseto use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusiveanswers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choiceand use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved forceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone ortree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.

What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although thematerials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rakesand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, evenwhen the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form orstyle of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose torepresent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the artof the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theologicaldoctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society'sart may also reflect the culture's social stratification.

1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are

(A) more difficult to handle than wood and

(B) of their stable social conditions

(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art

(D) available only in specific locations

2. The word conclusive in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) definitive

(B) controversial

(C) concurrent

(D) realistic

3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) attractive

(B) logical

(C) evident

(D) distinct

4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers of a stone or tree in line 10?

(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials

(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials

(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs

(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs

5. The word it in line 13 refers to

(A) realization

(B) society

(C) extent

(D) influence

6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because

(A) they influenced each other stone

(B) commonly used by artists in all societies

(C) essential to create ceremonial objects

(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways

7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT

(A) It is used to create glass.

(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.

(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.

(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.

8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) similarly

(B) in addition

(C) in contrast

(D) frequently

9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) involvement

(B) separation

(C) relationship

(D) argument

10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) discrete

(B) preliminary

(C) ideal

(D) fundamental

PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD

托福閱讀背景知識匯總之機(jī)械主義

機(jī)械主義(The Age of Machinery)

接下來要介紹一下機(jī)械主義(The Age of Machinery)及未來派(Futurism). 機(jī)械主義與未來派幾乎是在同一個(gè)時(shí)代, 當(dāng)時(shí)立體派沒落, 在德國有表現(xiàn)派興起, 法國有機(jī)械主義, 意大利則有未來派. 機(jī)械主義代表人物只有勒澤一人, 有些人干脆把他歸入立體派中, 但再西洋藝術(shù)史中也可以說是不可忽略的一個(gè)流派. 機(jī)械主義的畫家由機(jī)械上取得靈感, 加上塞尚的理論:"自然的一切, 都可以由球形, 圓錐形和圓筒形去求得. " 機(jī)械主義傳承了印象派及野受派的精華用原色作畫, 事先不加調(diào)配. 機(jī)械主義的畫家也不喜歡在畫上加上特別的筆觸, 只用平涂法作畫. 如此, 機(jī)械主義的畫看起來樸素且堅(jiān)實(shí), 運(yùn)用強(qiáng)烈的色彩對比, 表現(xiàn)一種明朗生動(dòng)的感覺.