托福閱讀句子要點題把握邏輯關系穩(wěn)抓同義替換

句子簡化題的出題思路一般分為兩類：一是對長難句的化繁為簡，即原句比較長，邏輯關系復雜，選項只保留了原句的主要信息，下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀句子要點題,希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀句子要點題：把握邏輯關系，穩(wěn)抓同義替換

托福閱讀句子要點題又稱托福閱讀句子簡化題，顧名思義是對長難句的簡化篩出句子最精華的要點，一般出題形式是在文章中高亮標示出一個句子，要求考生選擇與原文基本信息最接近的選項，這類題目的提問方式一般為：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”

句子簡化題的出題思路一般分為兩類：一是對長難句的化繁為簡，即原句比較長，邏輯關系復雜，選項只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位語、例子)等;二是對相對簡單的句子的同義改寫，即原句難度不大，邏輯關系簡單，選項是原句的同義改寫。從做題方法上來說，對于第二種出題思路的題目，考生應該采用通讀的辦法，在理解原句意思的基礎上再答題。而針對第一種出題思路的題目，考生一般把握住原句的幾個關鍵點就可以見微知著，找到破句子簡化題的良方。

對于句子簡化題，有一些題目如果句子不長，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。找到原句中的關鍵詞在選項當中進行同義替換。如：

In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

先來看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

該題要求從選項中選擇一個能夠表達原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個翻譯四個選項。這種做法不僅浪費時間，而且對我們讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C 項當中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會是一個簡單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關系的復雜句。那么簡單的同義替換技巧就無法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個部分來解析。

其實，我們在讀原句的時候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過快速瀏覽，只需要關注兩個關鍵點：一是原句當中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當中的邏輯關系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關注的信息點抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時間。

還可以對比原句與選項，邏輯關系與原文一致者為正確選項，對比原句中出現(xiàn)的例子與選項，不包含例子內(nèi)容的選項為正確選項。如：

The highlighted sentence: Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (官方真題Official 14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)

A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.

B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.

C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.

D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.

很多考生看到原句中出現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯詞but，就會想到用邏輯吻合的技巧來解答。由于英語中的轉(zhuǎn)折關系與讓步關系可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換，因而很多考生看到選項A出現(xiàn)的despite，會誤以為其是正確答案，掉入前面提到的在邏輯轉(zhuǎn)換時題目設置的陷阱中。所以，考生在利用技巧一解題時，遇到邏輯吻合的選項后，一定要對比一下該選項與原句的主句意思是否一致。在本題中，原句主句的重點在but之后，即“they seem to have been softened”，而選項A的主句是“gender inequality still exists”，兩者的意思明顯不一致，因而A不是正確選項。事實上，如果考生快速瀏覽原句，會發(fā)現(xiàn)后面句子出現(xiàn)了舉例的標志詞including，所舉的例子就是military skills。根據(jù)這個例子，考生可以暫且排除A、B、C三個選項。然后再對比選項D與原句的意思是否一致，最后考生可以得出正確答案正是選項D。

最后我們來回顧一下ETS對句子簡化題的出題要求，簡單來說，托福閱讀句子要點題的關鍵就在于找到原文考查句子和選項各自的關鍵信息再進行比對。一般來說題目中干擾選項的錯誤主要體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：一是從根本上改變了原句意思，二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。我們在進行托福閱讀句子要點題的備考時一定要注意結(jié)合方法技巧進行有的放矢的真題訓練并做好反思總結(jié)，循序漸進提高對這類題型的應對能力。

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.

Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.

Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees,where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.

Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.

Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

1. The passage answers which of the following questions?

(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?

(B) How does an animal's body size influence an animal's need for food?

(C) Why does the rain forest provide an unusual variety of food for animals?

(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?

2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?

(A) Monkeys

(B) Cats

(C) Porcupines

(D) Mice

3. The word they in line 4 refers to

(A) trees

(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size

(C) smaller species

(D) high tropical canopies

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain

forest?

(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to live in the canopy.

(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.

(C) They have difficulty with the changing conditions in the canopy.

(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.

5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that

(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do

(B) a large animal's size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy

(C) small animals are often attacked by large animals in the rain forest

(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy

6. The word typify in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) resemble

(B) protect

(C) characterize

(D) divide

7. According to paragraph 4, what makes jumping from one tree crown to another difficult for

small mammals?

(A) Air friction against the body surface

(B) The thickness of the branches

(C) The dense leaves of the tree crown

(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands

8. The word supplement in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) control

(B) replace

(C) look for

(D) add to

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) canopy (line 1)

(B) warm blooded (line 5)

(C) terminal leaves (line 13)

(D) springboard (line 21)

托福閱讀背景知識匯總之超現(xiàn)實主義

超現(xiàn)實主義(Surrealism)

第一次世界大戰(zhàn)完畢后的幾年, 人們開始懷疑理性主義, 雖理性主義然使歐洲的文化, 政治達到頂峰但還是發(fā)生了恐怖一次大戰(zhàn). 雖然達達派(Dada)的藝術風靡了當時的歐洲畫壇. 但是把印了字的紙片灑在地上作詩, 似乎太過消極了. 超現(xiàn)實主義(Surrealism)這時開始萌芽了. 1924年, 超現(xiàn)實主義的創(chuàng)始人, 也是達達派的詩人與評論家-安德烈布爾頓發(fā)表了"超現(xiàn)實主義宣言"(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超現(xiàn)實主義是結(jié)合了意識的和無意識的精神領域在每天的現(xiàn)實生活中而完成世界的美夢與幻想. 簡單的說, 超現(xiàn)實主義不但重視人類意識的思考, 另外更重視下意識的范疇. 他們用科學的方法研究人在無意中畫出的圖畫, 信手寫出的字, 小孩或瘋子的圖畫, 結(jié)合心理學與精神病學的原理, 配合上人的夢境與幻想. 結(jié)論是: 美是在解放了的意識中那些不可思議的幻象與夢境. 所以超現(xiàn)實主義是一種超理性, 超意識的藝術. 超現(xiàn)實主義的畫家不受理性主義的限制而憑本能及想象, 表現(xiàn)超現(xiàn)實的題材. 他們自由自在的生活在一種時空交錯的空間, 不受空間與時間的束縛, 表現(xiàn)出比現(xiàn)實世界更真實更有意義. 超現(xiàn)實主義首先在法國展開, 立即受西班牙畫家的歡迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是單純的美術改革運動, 不久也影響到了文學, 雕刻, 戲劇, 戲劇舞臺, 電影, 建筑等其它的應用藝術, 所以超現(xiàn)實主義可以說是影響全世界的新文藝運動. 但在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時, 大量的藝術家遷往美國, 同時影響美國超現(xiàn)實主義的風行. 1945年后"新具象"在藝術之都巴黎興起, 超現(xiàn)實主義才漸漸沒落