托福閱讀總結(jié)題的整理
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x總結(jié)題的整理,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀總結(jié)題的整理
總結(jié)題主要目的：考查學生理解和識別主要內(nèi)容和文中所提及重要的信息。
這類考題的特點：
有六個選項，你可以從中選出三個最能表達主要思想的句子。這類考題分值是2分，選出三個得2分，選出2 個得1分，順序選擇不影響得分。
Direction:
An introductory sentence or a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points
解決這類考題的方法：
一、清楚文章的論證類型
總分型一般容易出這類考題。我以中文為例，麗麗老師是一個非常好的人。首先，她很樂于助人例如一次我看見她扶一個盲人過馬路，其次麗麗老師很慷慨，有一次我看見她為希望工程捐了她當時兜里的全部錢(50元)，第三麗麗很謙虛和平易近人。
這樣的文章特別容易出總結(jié)題
Lily is a nice person
◆ 1
◆ 3
◆ 5
1、 麗麗樂于助人
2、 麗麗扶一個盲人過馬路
3、 麗麗老師很慷慨，
4、 老余捐了100元
5、 麗麗很謙虛和平易近人
6、 麗麗經(jīng)常打架
正確答案應該是 1、3、5
二、解決方法：
一)主體詞排除錯誤選項法
首先抓住要總結(jié)的關鍵詞也就是主體詞，就是要問哪方向的內(nèi)容，如上個例子，主體題麗麗一定會在正確答案中出現(xiàn)，不然問的是麗麗可以答案談論的是別人，就變得完全不相關了，根據(jù)這個特點我們可以排除 4老余捐了100元
如OG上的一道總結(jié)題可以直接使用主體詞排除錯誤選項的方法
The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.
◆ 3
◆ 5
◆ 6
1、 Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors
2、 Thomas Edison’s design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.
3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.
4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.
5、 The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen
6、 once films images could be projected, the cinema became a form of mass consumption
其中只有三個選項有本問題的關鍵詞，本問題的關鍵詞是 the technology of cinema.
二)細節(jié)信息排除法
總結(jié)題是對對文章的高度概括所以細節(jié)的出現(xiàn)犯了以偏概全的錯誤，如中文例子中的2、麗麗扶一個盲人過馬路。 這是一個具體的事實細節(jié)，我們要繞過例子看總結(jié)。所以在排除它。
如OG中的一道題目
This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises and dolphins
◆ 1
◆ 2
◆ 5
Answer choices
1、 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans(這是本文的主題)
2、The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(總結(jié)性信息)
3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence. (絕對的事實細節(jié))-排除
4 、Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found((絕對的事實細節(jié))-排除
5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found..(主題)
6、Ambulocetus’hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. ((絕對的事實細節(jié))-排除
三)新信息出現(xiàn)排除
如6、麗麗經(jīng)常打架，原文沒有出現(xiàn)，所以正確答案中一定沒有。
托福閱讀真題原題+題目
The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.
Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.
Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees,where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.
Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.
Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.
1. The passage answers which of the following questions?
(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?
(B) How does an animal's body size influence an animal's need for food?
(C) Why does the rain forest provide an unusual variety of food for animals?
(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?
2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?
(A) Monkeys
(B) Cats
(C) Porcupines
(D) Mice
3. The word they in line 4 refers to
(A) trees
(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size
(C) smaller species
(D) high tropical canopies
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain
forest?
(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to live in the canopy.
(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.
(C) They have difficulty with the changing conditions in the canopy.
(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.
5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that
(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do
(B) a large animal's size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy
(C) small animals are often attacked by large animals in the rain forest
(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy
6. The word typify in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) resemble
(B) protect
(C) characterize
(D) divide
7. According to paragraph 4, what makes jumping from one tree crown to another difficult for
small mammals?
(A) Air friction against the body surface
(B) The thickness of the branches
(C) The dense leaves of the tree crown
(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands
8. The word supplement in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) control
(B) replace
(C) look for
(D) add to
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) canopy (line 1)
(B) warm blooded (line 5)
(C) terminal leaves (line 13)
(D) springboard (line 21)
托福閱讀真題原題+題目
As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.
Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.
Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.
Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.
One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the
surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance
(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center
(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia
(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia
2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because
(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets
(B) the High Street Market was forced to close
(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population
(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.
3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) tradition
(B) association
(C) produce
(D) region
4. The word it in line 6 refers to
(A) the crowded city
(B) a radius
(C) the High Street Market
(D) the period
5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) returned
(B) started
(C) declined
(D) continued
6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held
(A) on the same day as market says
(B) as often as possible
(C) a couple of times a year
(D) whenever the government allowed it
7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that
(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell
(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia
(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia
(D) could easily be transported
8. The word eradicate in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) eliminate
(B) exploit
(C) organize
(D) operate
9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that economic development was on the merchants' side ?
(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.
(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.
(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence
(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.
10. The word undergoing in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) requesting
(B) experiencing
(C) repeating
(D) including
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