托福閱讀中的十大“路標(biāo)”

今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福閱讀中的十大“路標(biāo)”，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀中的十大“路標(biāo)”

一、列舉和并列句

列舉指的是： FirstFirst, Second, Third, 等逐條列出。;等逐條列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐項(xiàng)列出。它們共同的特征是列出二點(diǎn)或三點(diǎn)以上的條目。該類(lèi)型語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)?？嫉念}型是“細(xì)節(jié)性問(wèn)題”，主要有兩種：

1. Which 題型

該題型只要求從并列的三頂中選一項(xiàng)作為答案，其它條目與題目無(wú)關(guān)。在這種情況下，往往題目的答案出自后一個(gè)選項(xiàng) 。

2 . EXCEPT 題型

該題型俗稱(chēng)“三缺一”題型，即題目 4 個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)符合文章內(nèi)容，剩下一個(gè)不符合，題目便是要求選出這個(gè)不符合文章內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT

這種題型只適合于考并列、列舉句，這是因?yàn)樗笃淙齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)一定是文章中出現(xiàn)的，也就是并列或列舉之處。利用這一特點(diǎn).我們?cè)谧x文章的時(shí)候就可多留意，如看到并列、列舉句，可預(yù)想其有可能被考到;如發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中有“三缺一”題型，則應(yīng)到并列、列舉處找答案。

二、否定及轉(zhuǎn)折句

否定句是指帶有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定詞的句子，而轉(zhuǎn)折句則指帶有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的句子，它們可以用下面的句型說(shuō)明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。對(duì)于以上的句型常出“推斷性問(wèn)題”。

三、舉例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或句子為舉例句，?？肌巴茢嘈詥?wèn)題”和“細(xì)節(jié)性問(wèn)題”。上面句型中的 as C 為插入的舉例句。

四、數(shù)字與年代

文中的數(shù)字、年代、日期等常常是出題者注意的考題點(diǎn)，如 1996 年 10 月第 48 題。

五、及性詞匯

文章中若出現(xiàn) must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等性詞匯或 first ， most beautiful 等詞匯，往往是考題要點(diǎn)，一般出“細(xì)節(jié)性題目”。這是因?yàn)樗鼈兌加幸粋€(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)，那就是 概念 ， 答案一 ，無(wú)論是出題還是做題，不會(huì)產(chǎn)出歧義和疑問(wèn)，因此很容易出題，答案正確。相反地，如果文章中出現(xiàn)相對(duì)性的詞匯、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 為相對(duì)性詞匯，如果我們出這樣一道題： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就沒(méi)有一正確的答案，因?yàn)橛锌赡転?red,green 或 blue ，給評(píng)卷帶來(lái)困難。

六、比較級(jí)及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as as ， like ( a fly )等句型，則為比較級(jí)或比喻句結(jié)構(gòu)，往往也是考題點(diǎn)，一般出“推斷性題目”。

七、同位語(yǔ)及插入語(yǔ)

文章中帶有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等詞匯引導(dǎo)的名詞詞組，放在一個(gè)名詞后面，為同位語(yǔ);插入語(yǔ)是指副詞、不定式、分詞、從句等結(jié)構(gòu)故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修飾整個(gè)句子、表達(dá)作者感情的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的持殊結(jié)構(gòu)往往也是考查的重點(diǎn)，一般會(huì)出“細(xì)節(jié)性題目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯的稱(chēng)為因果句：

(1) 因果連詞： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2] 表示因果的動(dòng)詞： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

(3) 表示因果的名詞： base, basis, result,consequence 等，這些因果句都是指明某兩個(gè)事件之間因果關(guān)系的，尤為出題者所青陳.因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)出題可以考查文中兩個(gè)事件內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系。此種句型一般出“推斷性問(wèn)題”。

九、段落句

文章各段句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段員后一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表達(dá)中思想，進(jìn)行總結(jié)綜述的地方，因此常出 (1) 主題性問(wèn)題， (2) 細(xì)節(jié)性問(wèn)題.和 (3) 結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題。

十、特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)

有一些特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)的含義也屬于考查范圍，它們是：

(1) 破折號(hào)，表示解釋.考細(xì)節(jié)性問(wèn)題;

(2) 括號(hào)，表示解釋.考細(xì)節(jié)性問(wèn)題;

(3) 冒號(hào)，一股同上，有時(shí)冒號(hào)也表示列舉，則考“ EXCEPT ”題目;

(4) 引號(hào).表示引用，考細(xì)節(jié)性問(wèn)題：

(5) 驚嘆號(hào)，表示作者感情，考態(tài)度性問(wèn)題。

綜上所述，我們可以利用上面所介紹的考題點(diǎn)，作為“路標(biāo)”，迅速地指引我們找到正確答案;問(wèn)時(shí)作為出題規(guī)律，檢驗(yàn)自己所選答案的正確性。

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.

Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

(C) Research on how people make decisions

(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) introductory

(B) changeable

(C) beneficial

(D) fundamental

3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) relevant

(B) preceding

(C) insightful

(D) responsive

4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?

(A) Listing the consequences of each solution

(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution

(C) Deciding which consequences are most important

(D) Writing down all possible solutions

5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

(A) has the fewest variables to consider

(B) uses the most decision worksheets

(C) has the most points assigned to it

(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people

6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of

(A) describing a process

(B) classifying types of worksheets

(C) providing historical background

(D) explaining a theory

7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at

once (lines 17-18) to explain that

(A) most decisions involve seven steps

(B) human mental capacity has limitations

(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions

(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) creative

(B) satisfactory

(C) personal

(D) concise

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Proponents (line 5)

(B) Optimal (line 5)

(C) Variables (line 17)

(D) Long-range goals (line 25)

10. The word it in line 24 refers to

(A) worksheet

(B) problem

(C) distinction

(D) decision

11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) ask

(B) explain

(C) change

(D) predict

PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C