托福閱讀備考積累詞匯技巧實(shí)例講解
托福閱讀備考積累詞匯技巧實(shí)例講解 ,生詞變熟詞要這么操作,今天小編給大家?guī)砹恕〗庾x托福閱讀主旨題題型算分方式和答題技巧,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀備考積累詞匯技巧實(shí)例講解 生詞變熟詞要這么操作
托福閱讀如何看文章積累新詞匯?
單詞量不夠一直是很多考生閱讀時(shí)遇到的障礙之一?？忌送ㄟ^背詞匯書提高詞匯量之外，也可以利用托福閱讀文章來積累新詞匯。具體該如何操作呢?首先，考生將一篇托福閱讀文章中不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞劃出來，標(biāo)上序號(hào)，然后整理到筆記本上。整理完成后，很多考生自然會(huì)想到通過查閱詞典來記錄單詞的意思。事實(shí)上，考生在精讀時(shí)，不要過分依賴詞典，而是多嘗試練習(xí)猜詞的方法，這樣真正上考場(chǎng)時(shí)，考生遇到生詞不會(huì)過分緊張。具體來說，在查閱詞典之前，考生應(yīng)該先根據(jù)單詞所在的上下文語境猜測(cè)單詞的含義，然后再通過查閱詞典來進(jìn)行核實(shí)，最后將正確含義記錄在筆記本上。
托福閱讀中的學(xué)科詞匯要積累嗎?
是不是所有自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞都需要仔細(xì)背誦呢?當(dāng)然不是。托福閱讀文章具有多學(xué)科的特點(diǎn)，所以，勢(shì)必會(huì)有很多學(xué)科詞匯是考生所不認(rèn)識(shí)的，對(duì)于專業(yè)的學(xué)科詞匯，考生只要做到識(shí)記含義即可，比如，perennial (多年生植物)、biennial (兩年生植物)、annual (一年生植物)等植物學(xué)詞匯。那么，哪些詞匯是必須認(rèn)真背誦與掌握的呢?簡(jiǎn)單地說，就是那些影響考生理解句子的單詞。以下面這個(gè)例句為例。
Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt—and eventually to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of theconservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. (托福官方真題34 “Islamic Art and the Book”)
大部分考生在精讀這句話時(shí)會(huì)查閱這四個(gè)劃線的單詞，其中Koran表示伊斯蘭教中的《古蘭經(jīng)》，這一專有名詞考生只作基本了解即可，因?yàn)榭忌词共徽J(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞，也不會(huì)干擾對(duì)句子的理解。而其余的三個(gè)單詞supplant (取代)、parchment (羊皮卷)、conservative (保守的)都會(huì)妨礙考生對(duì)原句的理解，如果考生不認(rèn)識(shí)這些單詞，就會(huì)很難理解出句子的意思為“經(jīng)過多個(gè)世紀(jì)之后，紙張才取代羊皮卷用來抄寫某個(gè)東西”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息，也會(huì)不明白because of后面提及的原因究竟是什么。從詞性的角度來說，影響句子理解的單詞一般是動(dòng)詞和形容詞，因?yàn)樗鼈兺ǔＭ嘎吨涞闹匾?xì)節(jié)。從托福閱讀考試來說，動(dòng)詞和形容詞也是詞匯題比較“青睞”的考查對(duì)象。
托福閱讀可以積累寫作用的詞匯
此外，考生還可以從托福閱讀文章中積累寫作中可以用到的單詞或詞組。以下面例句為例。
In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications(碉堡), and participation in the local economy. (托福官方真題19 “The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain”)
考生可能不認(rèn)識(shí)considerable，查閱后會(huì)知道它意為“相當(dāng)大的;重要的”，那么have a considerable on sth.就表示“對(duì)……產(chǎn)生重大影響”，這個(gè)詞組在很多寫作話題中都可以使用，考生可以將其作為寫作表達(dá)積累起來，比如，考生要表達(dá)“閱讀對(duì)人的性格產(chǎn)生著重大影響”的含義，則可以說：“Reading books has a considerable impact on people’s characters.”
精讀詞匯的最后一步就是在筆記本上把那些需要重點(diǎn)記憶的單詞用熒光筆再次強(qiáng)調(diào)突出，然后多花時(shí)間進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)背誦和記憶。
托福閱讀詳解之?dāng)z影史
Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.
Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.
A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the firstnegative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used toprint multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.
The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.
詞匯解析：
perception n. 看法;感知
alter v. 更改
logical adj. 邏輯的;合乎邏輯的
intent adj. 堅(jiān)決的;專注的
react v. 作出反應(yīng);起不良反應(yīng);反抗
impatient adj. 無耐心的
topographical adj. 地形的
permanent adj. 永久的;不斷發(fā)生的
silver n. 銀;銀器
patent n. & v. & adj. 專利;得到...專利;顯而易見的強(qiáng)調(diào)
ancestor n. 祖先;物種原型
multiple adj. & v. 多功能的;倍數(shù)
reproduce v. 復(fù)制;重演
duplicate v. & n. 復(fù)制;復(fù)制品
etch v. 鑿刻;銘刻
engrave v. 刻上
tonal adj. 聲調(diào)的
難句解析：
The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.十九世紀(jì)中期與后期的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義畫家都高度關(guān)注攝影術(shù)，將其當(dāng)作一門可以使用、借鑒而且要適應(yīng)的技術(shù)。
The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device [that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.當(dāng)時(shí)針孔照相機(jī)已經(jīng)為大家所熟識(shí)，它是一種是用小孔或透鏡將攝影投射到毛玻璃屏或一張白紙上的盒狀設(shè)備，這種設(shè)備已經(jīng)為很多地貌風(fēng)景畫家所用，像意大利畫家卡納萊托就用它詳細(xì)記錄了威尼斯城。
The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.卡羅式攝影法革命性地使用了化學(xué)處理的紙片，紙片上受到光照射的區(qū)域的色調(diào)會(huì)變暗于是產(chǎn)生了負(fù)像。這種被塔爾博特稱為“負(fù)片”的東西隨后會(huì)被用于在另一張化學(xué)處理的紙片上洗印多張正像。
The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.而卡羅式攝影法可以洗出多張照片，因此相當(dāng)于蝕刻術(shù)或雕刻術(shù)。其整體的效果是輪廓和色調(diào)模糊。
填空
本篇文章介紹了兩種攝影技術(shù)_____和__________技術(shù)誕生于1839年;_____技術(shù)誕生于1841年;兩種攝影技術(shù)產(chǎn)生了不同的效果：_____得到唯一一張影像;_____可以洗出多張照片
Answers:
Daguerreotype, calotype
Daguerreotype, calotype
Daguerreotype, calotype
托福閱讀備考之100個(gè)必懂短語
1. a couple of 兩三個(gè)，幾個(gè)
Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.
2. account for 解釋
Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.
3. adapt to 使適應(yīng)于
They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
4, adorn with sth 用…裝飾
Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.
5.appeal to 吸引
Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults
6.apply to 適用于
Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.
7.at best 充其量，最多
Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.
8.at intervals 相隔一定距離
However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.
9.at the expense of sth 在損害…的情況下
A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.
10.at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛時(shí)期
The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
11.back and forth 來回地
They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.
12.be absent from 缺席，不在
Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.
13.be capable of 能…的
Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.
14. be characterized by 以…為特征
The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.
15.be composed of 由…組成
Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
16.be concerned with 與某事物有關(guān)
Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.
17.be distinct from 與…不同
Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets
18.be essential to 對(duì)…不可缺少
Public performance is essential to verbal art.
19.be exposed to 使接觸，使遭受
Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.
20.be far from 離…很遠(yuǎn)，根本不是
But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.
21. be hostile to 極不友好的，極厭惡的
Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
22.be regarded as 被認(rèn)為是
Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.
23.be related to 與…有關(guān)的，相聯(lián)系的
Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?
24. be responsible for 對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé)
In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.
25. be sensitive to 對(duì)…敏感的
Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.
26.be subjected to 經(jīng)歷，遭受
Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.
27. be superior to 優(yōu)越于
Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
28 .be traced to 找出根源
The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
29. be/become aware of 意識(shí)到，認(rèn)識(shí)到
People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.
30. be/become/get accustomed to 習(xí)慣于
In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.
31. be/become/get involved in 與…有關(guān)聯(lián)的
Two distinct processes are involved in molting.
32.benefit from 從…中受益
Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.
33.break down 分解
All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
34.by far 到目前為止
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.
35.by means of 通過，憑借
The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.
36.by virtue of 由于
Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics
37.confine to 限制在一定范圍之內(nèi)
The delivery service was at first confined to cities.
38.conform to 符合
Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area
39.contribute to 有貢獻(xiàn)，有助于
Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.
40.cope with 對(duì)付
Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.
41.date back to 始于
In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
42. depend on 依靠
The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.
43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剝奪..某事物
Plant stems die when deprived of water.
44.derive from 獲得，起源于
Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.
45.due to 由于，因?yàn)?/p>
Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.
46. evolve from/out of 從...進(jìn)化來，從…發(fā)展來
The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.
47.extract from 提取
It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.
48.feed on 以…為食物
Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.
49.focus on 集中(注意力)于
They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.
50. get rid of 處理掉
Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.
51.give access to 向…開放
To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.
52.give birth to 使誕生，引起
Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.
53.give off 發(fā)散，發(fā)出
If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.
54.give rise to 引起，導(dǎo)致
The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.
55.go beyond 超過，越過
An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.
56.go out of business 停業(yè)，關(guān)門
The shop went out of business.
57.have nothing to do with 與…無關(guān)
A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt.
58.impart to 傳授給
They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.
59.impose on 強(qiáng)加于
New regulations were imposed on nontraditional education.
60.in common 共同
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common.
61.in favor of 贊同，支持
The artist was in favor of a traditional style of painting.
62.in quantity 大量，大批
There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means.
63.in season 當(dāng)季
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season.
64.in spite of 盡管，任憑
In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived.
65.in the absence of 在缺乏…的情況下
The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.
66.in view of 由于
In view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years.
67.instead of 代替
Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves.
68.invest in 投資
He started to invest in the town’s cultural development.
69.lead to 導(dǎo)致，引起
In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves that will lead to biological devastation.
70.leave out 排除
Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.
71.off the mark 不正確
This analogy is not far off the mark.
72.on behalf of 代表
Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.
73. on the basis of 在…的基礎(chǔ)上
Antoine Lavisher, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning
74.owing to 由于，因?yàn)?/p>
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life.
75.perceive sth as sth 認(rèn)為
Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.
76.pick up 學(xué)會(huì)
Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.
77.put off 推遲
Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time.
78.regardless of 不顧
Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation.
79.result from 因..而產(chǎn)生
Most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding.
80.result in 結(jié)果，導(dǎo)致
The upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil.
81.set about 開始，動(dòng)手
African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.
82. set aside 留下將來用
Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
83.so far 到目前為止
The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far.
84.sort out 把…分類
Clay particles are sorted out by size and weight.
85.spring up 涌現(xiàn)
In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline.
86.stem from 起源于
It can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation.
87.stretch out 伸展，伸出
The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.
88.strive for 為…而奮斗
As they began to strive for social and cultural independence，their attitudes toward themselves changed.
89.take account of sth./take sth into account 考慮到
Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
90.take advantage of 利用
Many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
91.thanks to 由于
kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.
92.to some extent 某種程度上
Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.
93.turn out 結(jié)果是，證明是
Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic.
94.usher in 宣告…的來臨
Autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.
95. wear away 磨損
Natural forces wear away the Earth's crust
96.wipe out 消滅，肅清
Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting.
97.with respect to 在…方面
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.
98. with the advent of 隨著…的出現(xiàn)
With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear.
99.with the aid of 借助于
It is now taught with the aid of computers.
100.with the exception of 除..以外
With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.
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