托福閱讀解題使用排除法優(yōu)勢(shì)和局限性分析
托福閱讀的題型多為選擇題，而說(shuō)到選擇題很多同學(xué)都會(huì)立即想到用排除法來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福閱讀解題使用排除法優(yōu)勢(shì)和局限性分析,希望可以幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀解題使用排除法優(yōu)勢(shì)和局限性分析
托福閱讀哪些題型能用排除法?
眾所周知，根據(jù)托福官方指南OG上的說(shuō)明，托福閱讀中總共有10個(gè)不同的題型，而由于這些題型基本都是選擇題，哪怕是句子插入題其實(shí)也是給出多個(gè)位置讓考生選擇一個(gè)位置插入句子，因此理論上托福閱讀的所有題型都可以通過(guò)排除法來(lái)解決，這種方法毫無(wú)疑問在托福閱讀中是具有相當(dāng)廣泛運(yùn)用范圍的實(shí)用解題技巧。
托福閱讀用排除法有哪些好處?
那么，在托福閱讀解題時(shí)使用排除法能夠給大家?guī)?lái)哪些幫助呢?
1. 提升效率縮短用時(shí)
首先，最為直觀明顯的好處就是可以有效提升考生的解題效率，縮短大家的解題用時(shí)。托?？荚囍虚喿x部分的時(shí)間是相當(dāng)緊張的，這和閱讀部分文章篇幅長(zhǎng)以及題目數(shù)量多有很大關(guān)系，而提升解題效率一直都是考生備考時(shí)需要重點(diǎn)攻克的難關(guān)。排除法能夠幫助大家迅速縮小選擇題的選擇范圍，特別是在有些選項(xiàng)本身自相矛盾或是存在嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤漏洞時(shí)，用排除法來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)的提速效果是非常明顯的。
2. 遇題不決先排除
而排除法的另一個(gè)好處就如上面所說(shuō)具有很強(qiáng)的適用性?；旧峡忌坏┌l(fā)現(xiàn)題目有些難以應(yīng)對(duì)，多個(gè)選項(xiàng)一眼掃過(guò)很難順利分辨時(shí)，祭出排除法這個(gè)法寶往往就能解決很多問題。甚至在許多同學(xué)看來(lái)，托福閱讀解題但凡沒思路時(shí)，用一下排除法總是不會(huì)有錯(cuò)的。排除法的存在無(wú)形中也給大家解答應(yīng)對(duì)難題提供了一定的心理安慰和底氣。
排除法并非萬(wàn)能技巧也有局限性
當(dāng)然，凡是有利有弊，排除法雖然在托福閱讀中具有較高實(shí)用性，但其本身也是存在弊端和局限性的，考生需要了解排除法不適用的場(chǎng)合，才能真正發(fā)揮出其價(jià)值，以下這些排除法的弊端需要大家了解：
1. 難以一錘定音
排除法的局限性之一在于難以一錘定音。托福閱讀的選擇題如今在選項(xiàng)設(shè)置上越來(lái)越針對(duì)單純的排除法解題思路。一道題目四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，一般都會(huì)設(shè)置兩個(gè)存在較為明顯問題的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，這些選項(xiàng)能夠被考生輕松發(fā)現(xiàn)并排除掉。但剩下的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)則存在很大的相似性，考生往往會(huì)難以做出進(jìn)一步的選擇來(lái)排除，這種情況下排除法就很難幫助大家做出抉擇了。也就是說(shuō)，排除法能夠幫助大家縮小選擇范圍，但卻往往很難指引考生找到最后的正確答案。
2. 簡(jiǎn)單題不適用
其次，托福閱讀也并非所有題目都具有很高的難度和很強(qiáng)的干擾性選項(xiàng)。占據(jù)托福閱讀題目中至少4分之1數(shù)量的詞匯題中，有不少題目都非常簡(jiǎn)單，比如問你一個(gè)詞匯在文章里是什么意思，給出的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)就是4個(gè)單詞。考生只要認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)詞匯，往往能直接作出選擇。這種情況下就完全沒有必要使用到排除法了。有些同學(xué)謹(jǐn)慎起見還是會(huì)用排除法來(lái)過(guò)一遍答案，然而很多時(shí)候都有浪費(fèi)時(shí)間之嫌。明明能夠直接選出答案卻還是非得用一下排除法才能放心，排除法在給予考生心理安慰的同時(shí)，也不知不覺中造成了考生缺乏自信過(guò)度依賴的心態(tài)，這對(duì)于提升解題效率是較為不利的。
其實(shí)無(wú)論哪種解題方法，都必然存在其適合發(fā)揮的場(chǎng)合，也肯定會(huì)有一些無(wú)法使用的限制情況，小編希望各位同學(xué)能夠合理且巧妙的運(yùn)用多種解題技巧來(lái)輔助自己答題，而不是死腦筋的一種方法用到底。以上對(duì)于托福閱讀解題中運(yùn)用排除法解題的優(yōu)勢(shì)和局限性分析，希望大家能夠認(rèn)真了解一下。
托福閱讀素材之石油資源
Petroleum Resources
石油資源
1.Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.
段落梗概：石油和天然氣都是來(lái)自海底的有機(jī)物沉淀。部分有機(jī)物分解，部分沉積。
2.Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.
段落梗概：持續(xù)的沉積——堆積物沉積到海底的過(guò)程將有機(jī)物埋在海底使之受到海底溫度、高壓的影響，最終轉(zhuǎn)變成石油和天然氣。當(dāng)泥狀沉積物被擠壓在一起時(shí)，天然氣和石油液滴會(huì)被擠出泥層，然后進(jìn)入附近的沙層。經(jīng)過(guò)很長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)周期(數(shù)百萬(wàn)年)，積聚的天然氣和石油會(huì)在沙層中聚集。
3.Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.
段落梗概：關(guān)于石油開采的一些介紹：包括油床、油田、井架概念的介紹;石油開采中的技術(shù)控制;以及地下的原油分離;石油用途等等。
4. As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world’s oil and almost one-fifth of the world’s natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.
段落梗概：石油越來(lái)越難以找到，石油勘探已經(jīng)開始到更惡劣的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。舉了一個(gè)例子：阿拉斯加北坡油田的開發(fā)和阿拉斯加管道建設(shè)就是成本高、難度大的例子。
5. Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.
段落梗概：地下還能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的石油。許多石油資源都是由于開采費(fèi)用高、地理位置不能開采等原因不得不留在地下。
6.Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years;protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.
段落梗概：從地下和海底開采石油并運(yùn)送到消費(fèi)者的途中的任何地方都會(huì)產(chǎn)生環(huán)境問題。石油運(yùn)輸管道損壞造成嚴(yán)重的石油泄漏，會(huì)導(dǎo)致海上產(chǎn)生浮油。海上鉆井平臺(tái)也可能會(huì)泄露石油，導(dǎo)致海灘污染，危害環(huán)境。有時(shí)油田石油被抽取后，地面會(huì)下沉。舉例。石油煉制、燃燒也會(huì)造成空氣污染。先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和嚴(yán)格的法律正在控制這些對(duì)環(huán)境的不利影響。
疑難詞：
petroleum n. 石油
marine adj. 船舶的;航海的，海運(yùn)的
sediment n. 沉積;沉淀物
decompose vt. 分解;腐爛vi. 分解;使腐爛
convert vi. 轉(zhuǎn)變，變換
droplet n. 小滴，微滴
squeeze n. 壓榨;緊握v. 擠;緊握;勒索
saturate adj. 浸透的，飽和的
drill vt. 鉆孔;訓(xùn)練;條播vi. 鉆孔
portable adj. 手提的，便攜式的
dismantle vt. 拆除;取消vi. 可拆卸
collision n. 碰撞;沖突
ashore adj. 在岸上的;在陸上的adv. 在岸上
adverse adj. 不利的;相反的
托福閱讀素材：歐洲的巖洞藝術(shù)
Cave Art in Europe
歐洲的巖洞藝術(shù)
1.The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.
段落梗概：在發(fā)現(xiàn)的早期工藝品中，西班牙與法國(guó)南部的巖洞畫顯示出了高超的技藝，在非洲南部發(fā)掘出的自然石板畫也是如此。而且通過(guò)考古發(fā)掘發(fā)現(xiàn)，非洲繪畫與歐洲繪畫一樣歷史久遠(yuǎn);歐洲人在巖石和懸崖斷面上作畫的歷史更久。
2.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances;(2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves;and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.
段落梗概：研究人員指出西歐洞畫的三個(gè)主要地點(diǎn)：(1)在明顯有遮蔽可供人類居住的巖石和洞穴入口處，(2)在居住的洞穴一出門的走廊上(3)在洞穴所能及的最深處
3.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.
段落梗概：繪畫的主題大部分都是動(dòng)物。在洞穴繪畫中，很少描繪人物。并猜測(cè)了原因。后石器時(shí)代的人們也相信畫人物像會(huì)引起傷害或死亡;人們?cè)谔剿魅绾翁岣叽颢C的命中率;或許是出于增加獵物的需求而畫的畫。
4.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.
段落梗概：研究者們的研究結(jié)果更清楚地揭示了法國(guó)西南部的巖洞畫的特殊象征性意義。研究顯示，繪畫者經(jīng)常描繪的動(dòng)物是喜歡食用的動(dòng)物或喜歡用作獸皮的動(dòng)物，另外畫作中主要描繪了繪畫者害怕的動(dòng)物。結(jié)論：在舊石器時(shí)代晚期的人的經(jīng)濟(jì)中，巖洞藝術(shù)與打獵的重要性有關(guān)。
5.Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.
段落梗概：舊石器時(shí)代晚期的藝術(shù)不僅僅局限于洞穴繪畫。許多矛桿和類似的東西上都畫了動(dòng)物作為裝飾。人類學(xué)家對(duì)舊石器時(shí)代晚期的一些雕刻品的解釋意味著舊石器時(shí)代晚期的人們已經(jīng)有了復(fù)雜的思維并對(duì)他們的環(huán)境有了一個(gè)理性的認(rèn)識(shí)。人們還在舊石器時(shí)代晚期的遺址上發(fā)現(xiàn)了以夸張的形式描繪婦女的小雕塑。