托福閱讀推理題題型介紹和解題思路實(shí)例講解

托福閱讀題型中大部分題型都可以從原文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)答案，但也有例外題型需要考生進(jìn)行一定的邏輯推理分析才能得出正確答案，這種題型就是推理題。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福閱讀推理題題型介紹和解題思路實(shí)例講解，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀推理題題型介紹和解題思路實(shí)例講解

托福閱讀推理題題型介紹

1、時(shí)間對(duì)比推理

在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。

2、集合概念推理

一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對(duì)比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。

3、一般對(duì)比推理

在文章中介紹事物1的特征，并給出了事物1、2的特征對(duì)比，然后問(wèn)事物2的特征，解答題目時(shí)只要將事物1的特征否定掉就可以。

托福閱讀推理題解題思路實(shí)例講解

遇到這類(lèi)題型，考生先不要盲目看選項(xiàng)，而要有個(gè)大致的解題思路。題干中一般給出關(guān)鍵詞A，學(xué)生根據(jù)題目出現(xiàn)位置對(duì)應(yīng)到段落，找到關(guān)鍵詞所在句子;然后根據(jù)內(nèi)容依據(jù)以上說(shuō)明判斷題目屬于三種推理類(lèi)型的哪一種;最后根據(jù)類(lèi)型對(duì)應(yīng)的解題方法答題。

實(shí)例解析

The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.

B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices

C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.

D. They did not operate in a national market economy.

思路分析

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞western farmers prior to 1815定位(重點(diǎn)關(guān)注年代)，可以看到關(guān)于“After 1815”的信息，這里就可以猜測(cè)解題用到時(shí)間對(duì)比。只要把1815年之后的內(nèi)容看懂了，并且在這個(gè)內(nèi)容前面加not即可。文中說(shuō)到，改善的交通使得越來(lái)越多的西部農(nóng)民擺脫了自給自足的生活，并且進(jìn)入了國(guó)家性的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，那個(gè)時(shí)候貨物的價(jià)格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長(zhǎng)。所以選項(xiàng)D是正確的。

托福閱讀背景材料之性格決定魅力

If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness， the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person， for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.

The study， led by Gary W. Lewandowski， Jr， found that people who exhibit negative traits， such as unfairness and rudeness， appear to be less physically attractive to observers.

In the study， the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.

After personality information was received， participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.

Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability， showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.

"Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind，" said Lewandowski.

The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend， which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and， ultimately， to being viewed as more physically attractive.

The findings remained consistent regardless of how "attractive" the individual was initially perceived to be， or of the participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.

What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?

"This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are，" said Lewandowski.

如果你表現(xiàn)出誠(chéng)實(shí)和樂(lè)于助人等美好品質(zhì)，那么別人會(huì)覺(jué)得你的外表也很迷人。一項(xiàng)最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)人的性格會(huì)影響別人對(duì)他或她的外表吸引力的看法。

該項(xiàng)由蓋里?W?勒萬(wàn)多維斯基負(fù)責(zé)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們認(rèn)為，表現(xiàn)出不誠(chéng)實(shí)和粗魯?shù)葠毫悠焚|(zhì)的人外表也不夠吸引人。

研究對(duì)象首先觀看了一組異性的照片，隨后分別在得知照片中人物的性格特點(diǎn)之前和之后給他們的外表評(píng)分。

研究對(duì)象在得知照片中人物的性格特點(diǎn)后，還對(duì)與其中每個(gè)人交朋友或做戀人的期望值進(jìn)行了評(píng)分。

研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，有關(guān)人物性格特點(diǎn)的信息大大改變了之前的喜好度評(píng)分，研究對(duì)象的認(rèn)知過(guò)程改變了他們對(duì)照片中人物外表的評(píng)價(jià)。

勒萬(wàn)多維斯基說(shuō)：“總的來(lái)說(shuō)，如果人們認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的性格較好，那么他們會(huì)覺(jué)得無(wú)論與這個(gè)人做朋友還是做戀人都更合適?！?/p>

研究結(jié)果表明，人們更期望與性格較好的人交朋友、成為戀人，從而會(huì)認(rèn)為他們的外表更迷人。

無(wú)論照片中人物給人的“第一印象”怎樣、或者研究對(duì)象目前的情感關(guān)系狀況以及與伴侶的親密程度如何，研究結(jié)果都是一致的。

勒萬(wàn)多維斯基說(shuō)：“該研究提出了一個(gè)更為積極的觀點(diǎn)，它提醒人們，性格在很大程度上能決定你的吸引力;性格甚至能夠改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)于你外表的印象?！?/p>

大量的托福閱讀背景知識(shí)積累對(duì)于托福閱讀非常有幫助，不管是英文原版還是中文翻譯版，同學(xué)們都可以大量去閱讀，熟悉內(nèi)容即可。

托福閱讀背景知識(shí)之水煙的危害

World health experts warned Thursday that smoking water pipes, long popular in the Middle East and North Africa and with a growing fan base elsewhere, can be more harmful than cigarettes.

世界衛(wèi)生專(zhuān)家近期警告稱(chēng)， 在中東和北非盛行的水煙危害程度可能比香煙更大，全球其他地區(qū)也有越來(lái)越多的水煙愛(ài)好者。

"A single puff from a water pipe is nearly equal to the volume of smoke inhaled from an entire cigarette," said The Tobacco Atlas launched at the World Conference on Tobacco OR Health in Abu Dhabi.

在阿布扎比的世界煙草或健康大會(huì)上推出的世界煙草圖冊(cè)顯示;"從水煙管吸入一口的煙量幾乎等于吸入一整只香煙的量?！?/p>

And World Health Organization tobacco expert Edouard Tursan d'Espaignet said "one session of shisha (water pipe) can be equal to smoking 20 to 30 cigarettes in one go, which can be very dangerous."

世界衛(wèi)生組織煙草專(zhuān)家愛(ài)德華·圖爾?！ぐ古羶?nèi)特說(shuō)“吸食一次什莎(水煙)的量可能等于一口氣吸食20到30只香煙的量，這是很危險(xiǎn)的?！?/p>

The water pipe, variously known as a hubbly-bubbly, hookah, shisha or nargileh, has become a major worry for anti-tobacco campaigners as its is popularised across university campuses, overlooked by regulators.

水煙的叫法五花八門(mén)，如 hubbly-bubbly，hookah，shisha或者nargileh，而因?yàn)槠湓诖髮W(xué)校園頗為流行并被管理者忽視，所以水煙已成為反煙運(yùn)動(dòng)者主要的擔(dān)憂(yōu)。

In recent years, its use has spread to the United States, Europe and, to a lesser extent,South America.

近年來(lái)，水煙已流入美國(guó)、歐洲和南美的部分地區(qū)。

Gemma Vestal of the WHO's Tobacco Free Initiative told AFP that while shishas were previously the domain of older males, "younger people between 18- and 24-years old living in cities and educated" are increasingly smoking them.

世界衛(wèi)生組織無(wú)煙倡議行動(dòng)的杰瑪·維斯塔說(shuō)，雖然先前吸食水煙的群體是老年男性，但是越來(lái)越多年齡在18歲到24歲之間、住在城市且受過(guò)教育的年輕人都開(kāi)始吸食水煙。

The chairman of pathology and laboratory medicine at the American University of Beirut, Ghazi Zaatari, says aromatic flavourings known as maasal added to the tobacco offer younger smokers a "smoother and more tolerated" alternative to the taste of traditional tobacco.

貝魯特美國(guó)大學(xué)的病理學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室醫(yī)學(xué)主席加齊·扎泰里說(shuō)，水煙中添加的一種叫做maasal的芳香味道給年輕煙民提供了比傳統(tǒng)煙草“更順暢，更易接受”的味道。

And the "water pipe has an interesting design because it somewhat engages your five senses. You're holding the hose, there’s something you're looking at, there is the aroma, there is the sound of the bubbling and there is this kind of sensational thing with the social gathering."

而且水煙的設(shè)計(jì)很有趣，因?yàn)樗鼜哪撤N程度上同時(shí)調(diào)動(dòng)吸煙者的五官感受。你拿著煙管，你看著它，它有香味，它有冒泡的聲音，此外，在社交聚會(huì)中吸水煙是一件多么美妙的事。

In social gatherings that last for an average of an hour, the smoker can quickly get "hooked on it because of the nicotine."

在持續(xù)平均一小時(shí)的社交聚會(huì)中，水煙吸食者會(huì)迅速對(duì)它上癮，因?yàn)樗心峁哦　?/p>

Moreover, the smoke from charcoal used to heat the tobacco contains toxins.

此外，用于加熱煙草木炭釋放的煙霧也含有毒素。

The WHO said harmful effects include impact on the "respiratory system, cardiovascular system, oral activity and teeth."

世界衛(wèi)生組織稱(chēng)，它會(huì)對(duì)人的健康造成危害，包括損壞呼吸系統(tǒng)，心血管系統(tǒng)，口腔活動(dòng)和牙齒等。

In addition to the dangers of lung cancer, data also suggest probable associations with oral, oesophageal, gastric, and urinary bladder cancer, as well as chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, stroke as well as other illnesses.

除了肺癌的危險(xiǎn)，數(shù)據(jù)還表明吸食水煙的危害可能與口腔癌、食管癌、胃癌和膀胱癌，以及慢性支氣管炎、心血管疾病、中風(fēng)，以及其他疾病相關(guān)聯(lián)。

Global tobacco companies are increasingly investing in the water pipe business, experts say, while little has been done to curb their use, despite a crackdown on cigarettes.

專(zhuān)家表示，全球的煙草公司正越來(lái)越多地投資于水煙行業(yè)，但是除了打擊煙草行業(yè)以外，對(duì)于水煙的消費(fèi)沒(méi)有任何限制措施。

According to The Tobacco Atlas, "water pipes fall into a less heavily or un-regulated group of tobacco products" in most countries.

根據(jù)煙草圖冊(cè)介紹，水煙在大多數(shù)國(guó)家是不受?chē)?yán)重監(jiān)管或不監(jiān)管的煙草產(chǎn)品?！　?quot;There has been a gap for a while and now hopefully, with this global effort, they (tobacco regulators) are coming back to emphasise the importance of including the water pipe in all these policies and regulations on tobacco," Zaatari said.

“這個(gè)缺口已經(jīng)存在一段時(shí)間了，希望通過(guò)全球的努力，他們(煙草監(jiān)管者)能夠強(qiáng)調(diào)將水煙納入所有煙草政策和法規(guī)監(jiān)管的重要性，”扎泰里說(shuō)。

Brazil has taken measures to ban flavourings, while Turkey has extended warning labelling from cigarette packets to include the water pipe.

巴西已經(jīng)采取措施禁止在水煙中加入香料，同時(shí)土耳其已將之前有關(guān)香煙煙盒上必須有警告標(biāo)志的規(guī)定執(zhí)行范圍擴(kuò)展至水煙領(lǐng)域。

And the ruler of the UAE emirate of Sharjah has banned the use of water pipes altogether, earning him an award this week from the WHO.

阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長(zhǎng)國(guó)的沙迦酋長(zhǎng)國(guó)國(guó)王已下令徹底禁止吸食水煙，世界衛(wèi)生組織因此給他頒了一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)。

Vocabulary

pathology：病理學(xué)

hose：軟管

aroma：香味

oesophageal cancer：食道癌

urinary bladder cancer：膀胱癌

托福趣味閱讀之麥兜的魚(yú)丸粗面

McDull: Fish ball noodle, please.

麥兜：麻煩你，魚(yú)丸粗面!

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：沒(méi)有粗面了。

McDull: Fish ball rice noodle then.

麥兜：這樣啊……來(lái)一碗魚(yú)丸河粉吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：沒(méi)有魚(yú)丸。

McDull: Chicken wing noodle then.

麥兜：這樣啊……金錢(qián)肚粗面好了。

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：沒(méi)有粗面。

McDull: How about fish ball congee?

麥兜：那么要魚(yú)丸油面吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：沒(méi)有魚(yú)丸。

McDull: Nothing left today? How about beef noodle?

麥兜：怎么樣樣都沒(méi)了?那要個(gè)墨魚(yú)丸粗面吧。

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：沒(méi)有粗面。

McDull: Again? Fried chicken wing with fish ball...

麥兜：又沒(méi)啊?那麻煩來(lái)碗魚(yú)丸金錢(qián)肚吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：沒(méi)有魚(yú)丸。

Darby: Hey, fish ball and noodle are both gone... You can't combine them with other things.

得巴：麥兜啊，魚(yú)丸和粗面都賣(mài)光了，也就是所有的魚(yú)丸或者粗面的搭配都沒(méi)有了。

McDull: Can't combine them? A bowl of fish ball then.

麥兜：哦~沒(méi)有那些搭配啊?那麻煩要凈魚(yú)丸吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板：沒(méi)有魚(yú)丸。

McDull: A bowl of noodle?

麥兜：那么凈粗面呢?

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板：沒(méi)有粗面

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★ 英語(yǔ)單詞