托福閱讀如何看穿陷阱題型
托福閱讀如何看穿陷阱題型?易錯(cuò)題應(yīng)對(duì)思路實(shí)例分析，今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x如何看穿陷阱題型，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀如何看穿陷阱題型?易錯(cuò)題應(yīng)對(duì)思路實(shí)例分
析托福閱讀偷換概念陷阱題實(shí)例講解
托福閱讀想要取得高分，我們一定要警惕其中的陷阱題型，比如偷換概念題。下面我們一起來看一道題：
例題：
Paragraph 5: Even the kind ofstability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is oftenfound in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, doesnot ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest thatdiversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. Amore complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system tobreak down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as theymature.
B. They support many species when theyreach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.
思路解析：
推斷題(inference question)和事實(shí)信息題、否定信息題一樣，以“找關(guān)鍵詞+定位”為切入點(diǎn)。本題的關(guān)鍵詞是redwood forest, 回到原文定位到第三句：Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. 這句話的意思是：例如，紅杉樹林一旦成熟，其中的物種數(shù)量以及單個(gè)物種的數(shù)量都會(huì)減少。
看懂了這句話的我們立即迫不及待的去搜索選項(xiàng)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話的內(nèi)容是無法與任何選項(xiàng)匹配的。于是，我們意識(shí)到，只閱讀這句話的信息量是不夠的，我們需要關(guān)注推斷題定位范圍的放大現(xiàn)象。關(guān)注到本句中有個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞：for example, 意味著本句是例子，一定和前句的內(nèi)容相關(guān)。所以我們來看前句： At least intemperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages,not in the climax community. 至少在溫帶地區(qū)，會(huì)經(jīng)常在演替過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)最多物種，而不是在頂極群落中。發(fā)現(xiàn)三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞climax,temperate, mid-successional stages在原文中都可以找到對(duì)應(yīng)，并且B，D選項(xiàng)都與這句話所敘述內(nèi)容相反可以很容易排除。
接下來我們來看C選項(xiàng)：They are foundin temperate zones. 有很多同學(xué)就卡在這里了，他們認(rèn)為原文說在溫帶地區(qū)，最多物種是在演替過程中，而不是在頂級(jí)群落，說明物種多樣性和溫帶地區(qū)相關(guān)，沒有證據(jù)表明redwood forest和溫帶地區(qū)相關(guān)，于是很多同學(xué)在糾結(jié)之后選到了A選項(xiàng)： They become lessstable as they mature. 當(dāng)它們成熟的時(shí)候它們變得更不穩(wěn)定了。這類同學(xué)認(rèn)為Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced.紅杉樹林一旦成熟，其中的物種數(shù)量以及單個(gè)物種的數(shù)量都會(huì)減少，然后想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為物種減少就代表穩(wěn)定性降低，但是我們仔細(xì)讀第一句：Even the kindof stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. 即使是這種被定義為簡(jiǎn)單地缺乏變化的穩(wěn)定性并非總是與最多樣的物種聯(lián)系起來。簡(jiǎn)單來說，本句表達(dá)的含義是：穩(wěn)定性和最大多樣性是沒有關(guān)聯(lián)的，所以不能選A。
實(shí)際上這道題是典型的主題+例證類推理題，例子是來說明主題的，所以例子的特征應(yīng)該是與主題中所描述的特征一致的，即redwoodforests are found in temperate zones.
所以，同學(xué)們一定要警惕片面的追求選項(xiàng)和原文間信息的匹配，忽略了“選項(xiàng)首先對(duì)問題負(fù)責(zé)”這一基本的答題態(tài)度，最終導(dǎo)致學(xué)生根本無法識(shí)別ETS命題組精心編織的偷換概念類的選項(xiàng)特征。
托福閱讀長難句：生物滅絕時(shí)間
Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained. (TPO8, 52)
extinction /?k'st??k??n/ n. 滅絕，絕種;熄滅
deposit /d?'pɑz?t/ v. 將(錢)存入銀行; 付(定金);放下某物;使(淤泥等)沉積
clay /klei/ n. 粘土
我是分界線，大家先自己分析哦。
Scientists felt that they could get an idea (of how long the extinctions took) (by determining)(how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay) and they thought they could determine the time (it took to deposit the clay)(by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) ) (it contained. ) (TPO8, 52)
分析：
修飾一：(of how long the extinctions took)，介詞短語
中文：滅絕所用的時(shí)間
修飾二：(by determining) ，介詞短語
中文：通過確定
修飾三：(how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay) ，從句
中文：這層一厘米黏土層的沉積時(shí)間
修飾四：(it took to deposit the clay) ，從句，修飾time
中文：這層黏土層的沉積時(shí)間
修飾五：(by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) ) ，介詞短語
中文：通過確定黏土層包含銥的含量
修飾六：(it contained. ) ，從句，修飾iridium
中文：它(黏土層)所包含的
參考翻譯：
科學(xué)家感覺他們可以通過確定這層一厘米黏土層的沉積時(shí)間就可以知道滅絕所用的時(shí)間，而他們認(rèn)為可以通過確定黏土層包含銥的含量能確定它(黏土層)所沉積的時(shí)間。(有點(diǎn)繞)
這個(gè)句子的主要修飾成分就是從句和介詞短語，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個(gè)修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
托福閱讀長難句：島的形成
同學(xué)們，第十九句來了。
世界本沒有長難句，修飾成分多了，便有了長難句。——老邪
閱讀速度大部分來于短時(shí)間內(nèi)理解長難句的能力。
大家在看長難句的時(shí)候，多思考，一個(gè)句子為什么這么長，常見的修飾成分到底有哪些?其實(shí)不多，連詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞以及同位語或插入語，上過課的同學(xué)懂得。
大家別急，把一句一句弄明白，弄懂一個(gè)句子勝過模糊看懂十個(gè)句子。希望大家認(rèn)真看我的分析。
今天我們來看這樣一個(gè)句子：
The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wetsand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels.(TPO8, 45)
onrushing adj. 洶涌的，猛沖的
miniature /'m?n?t??/ adj. 小型的，微型的
outflow n. 流出，外流
我是分界線，大家先自己分析哦。
The onrushing water (arising from these flash floods) likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” ((resembling the miniature versions) (seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide)) ( that have been found on the plains) ( close to the ends of the outflow channels).(TPO8, 45)
老邪分析：
修飾一：(arising from these flash floods)，非謂語動(dòng)詞，修飾water
中文：由這些突如其來的洪水產(chǎn)生
修飾二：(resembling the miniature versions) ，非謂語動(dòng)詞，修飾islands
中文：類似于微型版本
修飾三：(seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) ，非謂語動(dòng)詞，修飾the miniature versions
中文：在低潮時(shí)沙灘上濕沙地被看到
修飾四：( that have been found on the plains)，從句，修飾islands
中文：已經(jīng)在平原上被發(fā)現(xiàn)
修飾五：( close to the ends of the outflow channels)，形容詞短語，修飾plains
中文：接近出流通道末尾處
參考翻譯：
由這些突如其來的洪水產(chǎn)生的洶涌流水也可能形成奇怪的淚滴狀“島”(類似于在低潮時(shí)沙灘上濕沙地看到的微型版本)，這些“島”已經(jīng)在接近出流通道末尾處的平原上被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
這個(gè)句子的主要修飾成分就是從句和介詞短語，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個(gè)修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。