托福閱讀應(yīng)對(duì)難題3個(gè)常用技巧指點(diǎn)

托福閱讀需要順利解題，考生勢必要掌握一些相應(yīng)的方法技巧，考慮到閱讀本身的特點(diǎn)，這些技巧既要能保證解題正確率，也需要具備高效的特點(diǎn)節(jié)省時(shí)間。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x應(yīng)對(duì)難題3個(gè)常用技巧指點(diǎn),希望可以幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀應(yīng)對(duì)難題3個(gè)常用技巧指點(diǎn)

托福閱讀應(yīng)對(duì)難題常用技巧：猜詞

托福閱讀中詞匯較多，考生很容易看到不懂的詞匯，但是閱讀的目標(biāo)在于獲得整個(gè)句子、整個(gè)段落、乃至整個(gè)篇章的思想，而不是各個(gè)孤立的詞匯的意義。所以不能因?yàn)殡y詞存在而影響答題，所以在閱讀中猜詞這個(gè)技巧的把握很實(shí)用。猜詞的依據(jù)有很多種：根據(jù)文章中的定義、解釋猜測詞義，ETS在設(shè)計(jì)托福閱讀文章時(shí)就考慮到一些難詞考生沒有必要掌握，但是為了不影響考生答題，這些詞匯周圍會(huì)給出相關(guān)解釋內(nèi)容;根據(jù)同位語等復(fù)述性質(zhì)的內(nèi)容猜詞，托福閱讀中同位語常見，同位語本質(zhì)就是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的復(fù)述;利用舉例猜詞，例子和主體的關(guān)系是包含和被包含關(guān)系，所以在屬性上有相關(guān)性;利用同義詞替換猜詞，托福閱讀文章中用詞較講究，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)單詞的重復(fù)，常常利用同義替換來使表達(dá)更豐富;利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞，這是從單詞本身角度出發(fā)猜詞，當(dāng)然使用這個(gè)猜詞技巧需要考生有構(gòu)詞法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。

托福閱讀應(yīng)對(duì)難題常用技巧：排除法判斷選項(xiàng)

答對(duì)托福閱讀題目是閱讀部分的目標(biāo)，考生在答題時(shí)最實(shí)用技巧是排除法。排除法可以大大節(jié)省考生的答題時(shí)間，甚至在對(duì)托福閱讀題目選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)有較深刻理解基礎(chǔ)上的排除法可以直接解答某些題目。排除法使用的基本要求是了解題目選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置。比如托福閱讀文章總結(jié)題中很多選項(xiàng)是可以直接排除的，像是細(xì)節(jié)信息、原文中沒有的信息，而且由于這種題目錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)多為細(xì)節(jié)信息，排除法也是屢試不爽。

托福閱讀應(yīng)對(duì)難題常用技巧：閱讀筆記

托福閱讀考試界面決定了考生無法對(duì)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行標(biāo)注，這樣對(duì)文章的把握不會(huì)很好，所以考生可以通過閱讀筆記來組織文章思路。筆記是為了做題更加迅速，定位更加準(zhǔn)確。筆記記錄是通過對(duì)文章要點(diǎn)的記錄和總結(jié)把整個(gè)文章大框架組織起來。掌握托福閱讀筆記技巧可以幫助考生較快把握文章。在記錄時(shí)要記錄的有：主題段和主題句的關(guān)鍵詞、時(shí)間和數(shù)字、專有名詞、舉例主體、新概念和局部核心概念以及重要的邏輯關(guān)系。

托福閱讀詳解之?dāng)z影史

Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.

A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the firstnegative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used toprint multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.

The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.

詞匯解析：

perception n. 看法;感知

alter v. 更改

logical adj. 邏輯的;合乎邏輯的

intent adj. 堅(jiān)決的;專注的

react v. 作出反應(yīng);起不良反應(yīng);反抗

impatient adj. 無耐心的

topographical adj. 地形的

permanent adj. 永久的;不斷發(fā)生的

silver n. 銀;銀器

patent n. & v. & adj. 專利;得到...專利;顯而易見的強(qiáng)調(diào)

ancestor n. 祖先;物種原型

multiple adj. & v. 多功能的;倍數(shù)

reproduce v. 復(fù)制;重演

duplicate v. & n. 復(fù)制;復(fù)制品

etch v. 鑿刻;銘刻

engrave v. 刻上

tonal adj. 聲調(diào)的

難句解析：

The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.十九世紀(jì)中期與后期的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義畫家都高度關(guān)注攝影術(shù)，將其當(dāng)作一門可以使用、借鑒而且要適應(yīng)的技術(shù)。

The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device [that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.當(dāng)時(shí)針孔照相機(jī)已經(jīng)為大家所熟識(shí)，它是一種是用小孔或透鏡將攝影投射到毛玻璃屏或一張白紙上的盒狀設(shè)備，這種設(shè)備已經(jīng)為很多地貌風(fēng)景畫家所用，像意大利畫家卡納萊托就用它詳細(xì)記錄了威尼斯城。

The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.卡羅式攝影法革命性地使用了化學(xué)處理的紙片，紙片上受到光照射的區(qū)域的色調(diào)會(huì)變暗于是產(chǎn)生了負(fù)像。這種被塔爾博特稱為“負(fù)片”的東西隨后會(huì)被用于在另一張化學(xué)處理的紙片上洗印多張正像。

The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.而卡羅式攝影法可以洗出多張照片，因此相當(dāng)于蝕刻術(shù)或雕刻術(shù)。其整體的效果是輪廓和色調(diào)模糊。

填空

本篇文章介紹了兩種攝影技術(shù)_____和__________技術(shù)誕生于1839年;_____技術(shù)誕生于1841年;兩種攝影技術(shù)產(chǎn)生了不同的效果：_____得到唯一一張影像;_____可以洗出多張照片

Answers:

Daguerreotype, calotype

Daguerreotype, calotype

Daguerreotype, calotype

托福閱讀詳解之大米草(Spartina)

P1： Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the day and exposed others).

難詞解析：

deciduous adj. 落葉的;短暫的

perennial adj. 不斷出現(xiàn)的;多年生的

dominant adj./n.處于支配地位的;占優(yōu)勢的人

expose v. 使顯露;揭露

難句解析：

Spartina alterniflora, (known as cordgrass, ) is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States.

大米草，俗稱網(wǎng)茅，是一種落葉的多年生開花植物，原產(chǎn)自美國大西洋沿岸和墨西哥灣地區(qū)。

P2： These natural salt marshes are among the most productive habitats in the marine environment. Nutrient-rich water is brought to the wetlands during each high tide, making a high rate of food production possible. As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant material, and insects, small shrimp like organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients. Numerous insects occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits, and deer feed directly on the cordgrass. Each tidal cycle carries plant material into the offshore water to be used by the subtidal organisms.

難詞解析：

productive adj. 生產(chǎn)力高的;富有成效的

break down 故障;崩塌;中斷

organism n. 微生物

fiddle v./ n. 不停擺弄;調(diào)試;弦樂器

snail v./ n. 蝸牛;緩慢行動(dòng)

excrete v. 排泄;分泌

難句解析：

As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die,] bacteria break down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients.

隨著海草和沼澤禾草葉子的死亡，細(xì)菌將植物體分解，昆蟲、小型蝦狀浮游生物、招潮蟹和沼澤蝸牛吃掉了腐爛的植物組織，消化后排出富含營養(yǎng)的排泄物。

P3： Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. It spreads primarily by underground stems; colonies form when pieces of the root system or whole plants float into an area and take root or when seeds float into a suitable area and germinate. Spartina establishes itself on substrates ranging from sand and silt to gravel and cobble and is tolerant of salinities ranging from that of near freshwater (0.05 percent) to that of salt water (3.5 percent). Because they lack oxygen, marsh sediments are high in sulfides that are toxic to most plants. Spartina has the ability to take up sulfides and convert them to sulfate, a form of sulfur that the plant can use; this ability makes it easier for the grass to colonize marsh environments. Another adaptive advantage is Spartina’s ability to use carbon dioxide more efficiently than most other plants.

難詞解析：

exceedingly adj. 非常的;超越的

germinate v./ n. 發(fā)芽

convert v. / n. 轉(zhuǎn)變;改建;換算

adaptive adj. 能適應(yīng)的

難句解析：

Spartina has the ability to take up sulfides and convert them to sulfate, a form of sulfur (that the plant can use); this ability makes it easier for the grass to colonize marsh environments.

這種能力使得米草屬植物能夠在沼澤環(huán)境中生存。另一個(gè)適應(yīng)性優(yōu)勢就是米草屬植物比其他植物能更有效的利用二氧化碳的能力。

文章讀完了，讓我們來一起看看你有沒有讀懂吧

P1: 大米草及其生長區(qū)域__________

P2: _____環(huán)境營養(yǎng)豐富高產(chǎn)(部分原因是因?yàn)槊撞輰僦参?

P3: 大米草極具競爭力

競爭優(yōu)勢1________________

競爭優(yōu)勢2________________

ANSWERS：

P1： Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States

P2: marine environment

P3: Spartina has the ability to take up sulfides and convert them to sulfate; Spartina’s ability to use carbon dioxide more efficiently than most other plants