托福寫作的三個重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
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托福寫作的三個重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
第一，連接詞過渡句
任何形式的英語文章中都應(yīng)該具備一定量的連接詞(路標(biāo)詞)，因為它們是有助于讀者順利閱讀的“導(dǎo)航坐標(biāo)”;大多數(shù)考生在備考時也的確會準(zhǔn)備一系列此類連接詞，用于文章每個段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的連接詞。但是單純有段首連接詞還不足以支撐全文的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此考生應(yīng)該同時準(zhǔn)備段中連接詞，包括“比如說，因為，但是，相對比而言”等，粗略估計，全文完成下來可以達(dá)到15個以上的路標(biāo)詞，不僅承接了全文，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，而且也為時間緊張下的寫作減輕了不少字?jǐn)?shù)壓力。以下為常用連接詞：
1， 第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly
2， 第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly
3， 第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly
4， 一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another
5， 表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to
6， 表結(jié)果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence
7， 表舉例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate
8， 表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally
9， 表轉(zhuǎn)折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless
10，表比較對比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary
…
當(dāng)然，僅僅依靠連接詞是不足以表明全文的連貫性的，適當(dāng)?shù)奶砑舆^渡句也是很好的承接手段，如Official Guide To The New TOEFL P263中有一篇關(guān)于DISHONESTY KILLS RELIABILITY 的5分范文中就有出現(xiàn)多處明顯的段落過渡句，如第三段首“After stating that everyone’s opinion can be different about this, for me honesty, in other words, always telling…”用來承接上下兩段，以引出自己的觀點看法;第五段首“Although I would like to see altruistic, understanding, thoughtful and loyal behavior from people, an instance of the opposite…”等都明顯具備良好的過渡功能，讓全文更加流暢舒服，朗朗上口。
第二，內(nèi)在論證統(tǒng)一
Official Guide To The New TOEFL這一官方指南中也明確在寫作部分提到“但要知道，僅僅使用第一，第二這樣的連接詞并不能保證作文結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，還要注意讓所有的觀點與文章的主題相關(guān)，緊扣中心思想。換句話說，作文要有統(tǒng)一性，評分原則中提到的統(tǒng)一性，漸進性和連貫性這些都是評估作文結(jié)構(gòu)是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，讀者能否比較容易地跟上作者思路的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！蓖ㄟ^上段敘述，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作文論證統(tǒng)一性的重要性。
而事實上這也正是被許多考生所忽略的問題。在拿到試題后，考生們不是先騰出時間構(gòu)思結(jié)構(gòu)框架，而是急著抓住哪怕是一分鐘的時間動筆寫作，其實如此的選擇是要不得的，建議各位考生在考試時不要舍不得這準(zhǔn)備的時間，正所謂“磨刀不誤砍柴功”;因為只有當(dāng)你事先構(gòu)思好而不是邊想邊寫，你才能真正做到論證內(nèi)容的一致性，觀點與論據(jù)的統(tǒng)一性，也才能真正取得高分。另外，用最直白的作答應(yīng)對題目的提問，用單邊的手段安排整篇文章成5段的總分總思路是十分適用的。
托福寫作高分滿分范文點評和思路解析：回到過去的某時某地
托福寫作難點話題一覽
When and where in the past do you want to go?
If you could go back to some time and place in the past, when and where would you go? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
寫作思路展開結(jié)構(gòu)分析
回到過去的某個時間和地點，這種追溯歷史的話題是非常有意思的，可以展開的方向也很多，比如見證歷史時刻，拜訪歷史名人，甚至回到過去和以前的自己對話等等?？傊蠹铱梢宰杂砂l(fā)揮，能夠把選擇的時間地點和理由講清楚就可以了。
本話題高分范文賞析
If I could go back to a certain time and place in the past, I would choose to go to ancient Egypt, to the time when they were building the great pyramids. This time period and place is greatly interesting to me for the following reasons: first, how were the great pyramids built? Second, Egypt is one of the few places in the world that has as rich a culture as China's. How did ancient life in Egypt compare to the existence of the ancient Chinese person? Finally, I find this time and place interesting because I am curious about the myths and legends that ancient Egyptians believed in. There is much speculation as to exactly how the great pyramids were built. The pyramids are an architectural feat, even by today's standards. They are massive in size, with almost perfect angles leading up to the point at the top of the pyramid. How did the men manage to carry those enormous stones up the side of the pyramid? How was it possible to cut the stones so precisely, to allow for this even, mathematical design? Current science has analyzed these problems, and has decided that with today's technology, this would not be a problem. I am very interested, however, to learn how such technology was possible in ancient Egypt. I am also very interested in how ancient Egyptian life compared to that of the ancient Chinese. Did they experience similar toils, or were their lives very different? Did the ancient Egyptians know about the ancient Chinese? All of these questions would be answered for me if I could travel back to the above-mentioned time period. China has some very interesting myths, legends and religions that were formed thousands of years ago. Ancient Egyptians were spiritual people also. I am curious to know more about these ancient religions. Were the beliefs held by the majority, or were there only a few who believed in such ideas? There are so many unanswered questions about ancient periods, particularly ancient Egypt. By traveling back in time, I would learn a great amount about topics that have remained unanswered for thousands of years.
托福寫作分類話題詞匯：媒體篇
Media
curiosity 好奇心
dependable/trustworthy 值得信賴的
coverage 覆蓋面
make headlines, newsworthy 成為頭版頭條; 有新聞價值的
informative, entertaining 信息量大的; 娛樂的
privacy, violate/intrude on/infringe on someone's privacy 隱私; 侵犯某人隱私
ratings 評分
go viral /all the rage 變得流行
journalists/the press 記者;報刊，新聞界
groupies, icon, make a splash 追星族; 偶像; 產(chǎn)生轟動
clarify, censorship 澄清; 審查
blow things out of proportion, exaggerate things 夸大事實
commercial, flyer, billboard, poster, tabloid 電視廣告; 傳單; 廣告牌;海報;小報
quiz show, reality show, talk show, variety show 智力競爭節(jié)目; 真人秀; 脫口秀; 綜藝節(jié)目
sitcom, soap opera, current affairs 情景喜劇; 肥皂劇; 實事
the print media/the electronic media 紙媒; 電子媒體
be awash with/be inundated with/be saturated with sth. 被……所充斥
delete/eliminate/excise 刪除
excessive/gratuitous violent and pornographic contents 過量的暴力和色情內(nèi)容
misleading/misrepresented/distorted 誤導(dǎo)的，扭曲的
celebrities, scandals 名人;丑聞
up‐to--date/up‐to--the--minute 新的
code of ethics/code of conduct 道德準(zhǔn)則，行為準(zhǔn)則
ubiquitous/prevalent 無所不在的
high-profile, low--profile 高調(diào)，低調(diào)
fabricated, absurd/ludicrous 編造的;荒謬的
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