托福閱讀技巧：托福閱讀推斷題解題方法及實例講解
托福閱讀中，推斷題是非常常見的一類考題。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x推斷題解題方法及實例講解 ,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀技巧丨托福閱讀推斷題解題方法及實例講解
一. 托福閱讀推斷題常見提問方式
推斷題的題目特點(diǎn)(怎樣判斷是否為推斷題)及提問方式
推斷類問題的題干中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)infer、suggest或者imply這類單詞。
Which of the following can be inferred about X?
The author of the passage implies that X...?
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?
二.做對托福閱讀推斷題需要具備什么樣的能力
這類問題主要考查考生對文章中的一個觀點(diǎn)或立場的理解程度，而這種觀點(diǎn)或立場是作者在文章中強(qiáng)烈暗示但并沒有明確表明的。例如，如果文章陳述了一個事件的結(jié)果，那么推論類問題很可能問考生原因是什么;如果文章出現(xiàn)了一個對比，那么推論類問題很可能問考生其對比的基礎(chǔ)是什么。解答這類問題時，考生不僅需要理解作者所寫的句子的字面意思，還必須搞清楚這些句子之間的邏輯暗示。(以上內(nèi)容來自《托?？荚嚬俜街改稀?
根據(jù)《托?？荚嚬俜街改稀返膶ν普擃}的介紹，我們清楚地知道這類題型考查的能力：對句意的理解和對邏輯的把握，二者缺一不可。
三.托福閱讀推斷題做題方法及實例講解
根據(jù)真題分析，我們將托福推斷題分為兩類：因果推理和對比推理。這兩類推斷題也有相應(yīng)的答題方法，如下：
因果推理—已知原因C，推結(jié)果E(C=E)。考查的是對原因的改寫，并不是真正要去做推理。
對比推理—時間對比：時間點(diǎn)前后取反;直接對比：對比項屬性取反;比例對比：總量、構(gòu)成不變，此消彼長。
以上答題方法具體是什么意思呢，我們將一一給大家舉例說明。關(guān)于因果推理，其實考查的是對原因的改寫，而并不是真的讓考生去做推理。比如，原文說「科學(xué)家們對這個結(jié)論是有爭議的」，可以推斷出的「有人同意，有人不同意」。關(guān)于對比推理，涉及到時間對比的，時間點(diǎn)前后取反，比如，原文說「工業(yè)革命以前，這個國家人口少」，抓住「工業(yè)革命」這個時間點(diǎn)，這個時間點(diǎn)前后取反，則可推斷出「工業(yè)革命以后，這個國家人口多了」。涉及到直接對比的，比如，托福閱讀中涉及到的「機(jī)會主義者和競爭主義者」，這二者是對比關(guān)系，如果我們說機(jī)會主義者屬于A，那么我們可以推斷出競爭主義者則屬于非A。關(guān)于比例對比，比如A和B兩個班級的人數(shù)一樣多，B班的男生人數(shù)上升了，我們就可以推斷出B班的女生人數(shù)下降了。
示例：「Architecture」
原文：Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes.Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
題目：In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?
A. They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
B. They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
C. They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
D. They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
根據(jù)題干中的imply，我們可以明確判斷出這是一道推斷題。題干問的是：根據(jù)文章第四段，關(guān)于現(xiàn)代建筑，作者暗示了什么。根據(jù)題干中的modern buildings可定位至第四段的最后一句話，即「Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.」，這句話中存在一個比較關(guān)系，即buildings built now和buildings built one hundred years ago在規(guī)模差不多的情況下的重量有了變化，而這種變化能夠體現(xiàn)出建筑技術(shù)所取得的進(jìn)步，可以推斷現(xiàn)在的建筑應(yīng)該是更輕一些(這里屬于第一種推斷類別：因果推斷)。同時根據(jù)本段倒數(shù)第二句話「Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.」，可以知道建筑材料和科技方面的重大變化使得包圍空間更加簡單、快速，并且使用更少的材料，那么根據(jù)「使用更少的材料」可以推斷建筑的重量應(yīng)該是減輕了，C選項說在規(guī)模差不多的情況下，現(xiàn)在的建筑要比一百年前的建筑要輕，與原文表述一致，故為正確答案。文中并未提及與占用空間多少(occupy much less space)的信息，就更不存在比較關(guān)系了，所以可以排除A選項，同理也可排除B選項和D選項。
托福閱讀長難句：陶瓷產(chǎn)品
Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-colorlead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip——as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value. (TPO10, 56)
ceramic /s?'r?m?k/ adj. 陶瓷的，陶器的
glazed /glezd/ adj.(陶器)上釉的;(目光)木然的，呆滯的，無神采的;(門、窗)裝有玻璃的
vessel /'v?sl/ n. 船(尤指大船); 艦;容器, 器皿;管狀結(jié)構(gòu)(血管、導(dǎo)管)
ornament /'?rn?m?nt/ n. 裝飾，點(diǎn)綴;裝飾物，點(diǎn)綴品
motif /m??'ti?f/ n. 裝飾的圖案或式樣;主題
outline vt. 概述，概括;畫出或標(biāo)出(某物)的輪廓﹑ 外形
raised adj. 有凸起花紋 (或圖案) 的，浮雕的
slip n. 泥釉(涂於陶器上作表層或圖樣的)
intrinsic /?n'tr?ns?k/ adj. (指價值或性質(zhì))固有的, 內(nèi)在的, 本質(zhì)的
我是分界線，大家先自己分析哦。
Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-colorlead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, (in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip)—as well as the many burial ceramics (produced in imitation of vessels) (made in materials of higher intrinsic value.) (TPO10,56)
分析：
其實這個句子的主干，就是三個并列成分：Ceramic products also include A,B and C as well as D
Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-colorlead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, as well as the many burial ceramics
修飾一：(in which the motifs were outlinedin a raised trail of slip) ，從句，修飾前面三種陶瓷，這個從句所包含的細(xì)節(jié)是很難理解的，大家可以看看上面我列出的詞匯就知道，你想全看懂，你瘋了!!!!處女座的同學(xué)冷靜!!!
OG上說文章很學(xué)術(shù)，但是題目一點(diǎn)也不學(xué)術(shù)，不會考這么學(xué)術(shù)的東西。忽略那些學(xué)術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)。
中文：他們的主題是用浮雕泥釉的線條凸顯出來的
修飾二：(produced in imitation of vessels) ，非謂語動詞，修飾the many burial ceramics
中文：這些陪葬陶瓷是模仿容器制成的
修飾三：(made in materials of higherintrinsic value.)，非謂語動詞，修飾vessels
中文：這些容器是由更高內(nèi)在價值材料制成的
參考翻譯：
陶瓷產(chǎn)品也包括漢朝的鉛釉墳?zāi)鼓Ｐ汀⑻瞥娜U釉容器和人物、明朝三色寺廟裝飾(他們的主題是用浮雕泥釉的線條凸顯出來的)以及許多陪葬陶瓷(這些陪葬陶瓷是模仿由更高內(nèi)在價值材料制成的容器)。
這個句子的主要修飾成分就是從句和非謂語動詞，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
托福閱讀長難句：氣候與人類活動
One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measureof what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. (TPO10, 38)
我是分界線，大家先自己速讀哦。
One of the most difficult aspects (of deciding)(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) is that it is hard to get a measure of (what constitutes the natural variability of the climate).(TPO10, 38)
分析：
這個句子的主干就是： One of the most difficult aspects is that
修飾一：(of deciding) ，介詞短語，修飾aspects
中文：確定
修飾二：(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) ，賓語從句，
中文：現(xiàn)在氣候事件是否揭露了是人類活動影響的證據(jù)
修飾三：(what constitutes the natural variability of the climate) ，賓語從句
中文：什么組成了氣候的自然可變性
參考翻譯：
確定現(xiàn)在氣候事件是否揭露了是人類活動影響的證據(jù)，其中最大困難之一在于很難去測量是什么組成了氣候的自然可變性。
這個句子的主要修飾成分就是從句和介詞短語，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
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