gre考試閱讀題出題規(guī)律簡(jiǎn)介
gre考試的分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)你去美國(guó)讀書(shū)非常重要，那么你知道如何考好gre閱讀考試嗎?今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了gre考試閱讀題出題規(guī)律簡(jiǎn)介，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
gre考試閱讀題出題規(guī)律簡(jiǎn)介
對(duì)于gre考試來(lái)說(shuō)，學(xué)業(yè)考試是最大的項(xiàng)目，這也不同于托福雅思。雅思托福的目的是為了生活。對(duì)于新的gre閱讀測(cè)試，學(xué)術(shù)代表標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和適度的措辭。對(duì)考生的意義在于，整篇文章都是溫文爾雅的，gre閱讀備考文章中的偏激詞匯應(yīng)該引起重視，文章中的事實(shí)與我們的學(xué)術(shù)生活是同步的，過(guò)去的回憶和反現(xiàn)實(shí)的虛擬狀態(tài)是非常明顯的潛在問(wèn)題。
尤其是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，往往表示一種“不應(yīng)該”的狀態(tài)，很可能會(huì)有負(fù)面的評(píng)價(jià)。而所有的極端話語(yǔ)，如絕對(duì)陳述，大多是比較層面，特別是比較強(qiáng)的層面，都應(yīng)該在文章中加以注意。還有一種強(qiáng)烈反差的跡象，就是用大寫(xiě)字母標(biāo)明的時(shí)間，表示某一時(shí)間之前或之后的時(shí)間，我們稱之為時(shí)間的強(qiáng)烈反差。
提問(wèn)時(shí)，應(yīng)掌握gre閱讀考試方法，具體如下：
先讀這篇文章，然后做問(wèn)題?？熳x，大膽省略。記?。洪喿x問(wèn)題的時(shí)間比閱讀文章的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。
兩次法，第一次通讀，著重文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、焦點(diǎn)、作者的態(tài)度，第二次在解決問(wèn)題時(shí)定位閱讀。
解題時(shí)要回到原文，gre閱讀備考, gre備考要多久嚴(yán)格掌握詞語(yǔ)的對(duì)應(yīng)方法，找到每一個(gè)正確答案的依據(jù)，決不能憑記憶或知識(shí)背景來(lái)做。
不要仔細(xì)閱讀，不理解文章的意思，要快，做筆記，沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間閱讀第一段和每一個(gè)第一句。
GRE閱讀題目特點(diǎn)
中心思想題
中心思想題是GRE考試中唯一帶有主觀色彩的題型，它考察你對(duì)文章大意和總體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。GRE閱讀涉及的內(nèi)容非常廣泛，考古，生物，文學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)幾乎無(wú)所不包。那么，是否就沒(méi)有技巧可談了嗎?絕對(duì)不是。
文章內(nèi)容可能千差萬(wàn)別，但文章的寫(xiě)作方式卻只有寥寥的兩種，即記敘文和議論文。
記敘文是對(duì)某一件事，某一個(gè)現(xiàn)象或者某一個(gè)人的描述，即對(duì)客觀事物的紀(jì)錄和敘述，其中沒(méi)有或者幾乎沒(méi)有作者自己的觀點(diǎn)。記敘文有時(shí)間順序和空間順序兩種組織形式。
而議論文是作者根據(jù)某一客觀事物或觀點(diǎn)發(fā)表自己的看法，并用例子或者理由來(lái)證明作者自己的觀點(diǎn)。
根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，議論文可以分成立論和駁論兩種。而根據(jù)文章的組織形式，議論文可以有3種組織結(jié)構(gòu)，分別為：從具體到概括模式，從概括到具體模式以及遞進(jìn)模式。
在GRE閱讀中，沒(méi)有真正的記敘文。也就是說(shuō)，閱讀文章基本上都是議論文，作者總是試圖讓你接受他的某一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。在證明自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，作者總是應(yīng)用一些例子，即論據(jù)。
這些論據(jù)和論點(diǎn)之間的有機(jī)結(jié)合就成了典型的GRE閱讀文章。掌握中心思想的技巧在于文章每個(gè)段落的第一句。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的考試決定了文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，即條理清晰和結(jié)構(gòu)完整。
條理清晰表現(xiàn)為寫(xiě)作模式不是具體到概括模式就是概括到具體模式，或者遞進(jìn)模式，而且承上啟下的過(guò)渡詞匯都出現(xiàn)在每個(gè)段落的第一句;結(jié)構(gòu)完整表現(xiàn) 為內(nèi)容的完整性和單一性，即每一篇文章都能向你傳達(dá)一個(gè)而且只有一個(gè)有意義的觀點(diǎn)或者論點(diǎn)，不會(huì)讓你讀后感覺(jué)到不知文章所云為何物。
復(fù)述題
復(fù)述題是最簡(jiǎn)單的題型，但也是GRE閱讀部分出現(xiàn)得最多的題型。只要你能定位原文，問(wèn)題就迎刃而解。題目問(wèn)的內(nèi)容中都已經(jīng)在原文直接提到，只是用同義詞或者不同的語(yǔ)言組織改寫(xiě)而已。
常見(jiàn)的改寫(xiě)方式有形容詞與副詞之間的改寫(xiě)，動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)名詞之間的改寫(xiě)。技巧在于尋找詞根。復(fù)述改寫(xiě)題提問(wèn)的是文章中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，如組織結(jié)構(gòu)詞(原因，特點(diǎn))，學(xué)科術(shù)語(yǔ)，行業(yè)術(shù) 語(yǔ)，比喻，符號(hào)或者具體的數(shù)字。只要你能準(zhǔn)確定位，這些題都比較簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)橹皇菍?duì)原文的復(fù)述或改寫(xiě):
According to the passage/author...
The author states that...
The author mentions which one of the following as...
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，這些題都會(huì)告訴你很直接的定位線索，如“在文章中的第幾行”或者和文章結(jié)構(gòu)密切相連的詞或短語(yǔ)。你也許記得我前面告訴你的“跳過(guò)閱讀理解文章中的細(xì)節(jié)部分而將重點(diǎn)放在文章的主題，范圍和作者的用意上。”
這看起來(lái)好像和非常細(xì)節(jié)的復(fù)述改寫(xiě)題相矛盾。事實(shí)上，文章中有很多很多細(xì)節(jié)，而這么多的細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)中只有很少的一部分在以后問(wèn)題中問(wèn)及。奇怪的是這些被考 到的細(xì)節(jié)你很快就能在文章中定位，因?yàn)橛幸徊糠帜阍陂喿x時(shí)已經(jīng)記住;問(wèn)題會(huì)告訴你在文章中的哪一行;或者為了回答這些問(wèn)題你必須自己找到這些細(xì)節(jié).
暗示推理題
在你選出答案以前，其實(shí)你并不知道這是暗示推理題，你的概念或許只有細(xì)節(jié)題，即除了中心思想題以外所有題都是細(xì)節(jié)題。事實(shí)上，在真正做題時(shí)，你也不必事先判斷它是屬于哪一 類(lèi)題型，我們將其歸類(lèi)的目的是為了讓你對(duì)考試的題型有一個(gè)確切的把握。
也就是說(shuō)，如果你碰到某一道“細(xì)節(jié)題”，順利地將關(guān)鍵詞定位以后，你仍然不能很快地確定到底是哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)正確時(shí)，你不要灰心，因?yàn)橛幸环N比復(fù)述題稍微復(fù)雜一點(diǎn)的題，即暗示推理題。
這一過(guò)程，我們的題型分類(lèi)就起作用了，因?yàn)樗孪冉o了你思想準(zhǔn)備，即對(duì)未知的練習(xí)題有一個(gè)合理 的期待。但是，我們卻可以通過(guò)暗示推理題的基本問(wèn)法來(lái)事先判斷它是否屬于暗示推理題：
It can be inferred from the passage that...
The passage/author suggests that…
The passage/author implies that...
解密：暗示推理題是閱讀中較難的題型。如果說(shuō)復(fù)述題要腦子轉(zhuǎn)一次彎的話，那么暗示推理題就需要轉(zhuǎn)兩次彎。，包括所有的美國(guó)人將這稱為一個(gè)人的“intelligent ability”， 即智力。這種題在閱讀題中出現(xiàn)的概率是0.3，每3道題中就會(huì)出一道，即大概每篇閱讀出一 道。
列舉題
列舉，顧名思義，就是符合某種條件的幾個(gè)例子，例子可以是某幾個(gè)事件，動(dòng)作，情況或者人物。列舉題有兩種形式，一種是列舉非，它問(wèn)你四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)原文中沒(méi)有提及。
應(yīng)對(duì)的辦法仍然是定位原文，然后采用排除法，直至找到正確答案。第二種列舉題要你在四個(gè)選 項(xiàng)種找出哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)在原文中提及，應(yīng)對(duì)的措施仍然是根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位。其實(shí)，列舉題并不難，出現(xiàn)的概率也比較大，每篇閱讀大概出現(xiàn)一題。
作者思路題
如果說(shuō)中心思想題要你做的是歸納文章大意的話，那么在作者思路題中你所要做的是識(shí)別文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。大意和組織結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成了文章的框架。如果你能順利地總結(jié)文章的大意，即中心思想，你也能順利的求解作者思路題。
作者思路題包括段落用意和舉例佐證兩種。解題的 辦法在于相信這樣一個(gè)原則，文章的每一個(gè)詞，每一句，和每個(gè)段落都是和文章論題有關(guān) 的，不是用來(lái)證明作者觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)就是作者要批判的論據(jù)。
邏輯題
在GRE的閱讀理解中，有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)像邏輯推理部分里的那些邏輯題。這些邏輯題包括類(lèi)比和推理缺口題。有幸的是，這些邏輯題往往都比真正的邏輯題容易。只要你能順利找到和歸納題干所描述的在文章中出現(xiàn)的推理，你就很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)這些推理(作者論點(diǎn)和論據(jù))的缺口或者推理方式。
GRE閱讀：Design-Engineering
Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technol.ists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers—using non-scientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technol.ist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technol.y, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rock exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
The creative shaping process of a technol.ist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technol.ist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.
Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking,” nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of c.nitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.
If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
19.1. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technol.ists
(B) stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design
(C) proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technol.y
(D) contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technol.ists
(E) criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula
19.2. It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are
(A) strengthened when they include courses in design
(B) weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skills
(C) strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courses
(D) strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems
(E) strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking
19.3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of lines 1-28 of the passage?
(A) When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technol.ist who is best equipped to repair it.
(B) Each component of an automobile—for example, the engine or the fuel tank—has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that component’s function.
(C) A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technol.ists using only nonverbal thought.
(D) The designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its final form.
(E) The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer’s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.
19.4.Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the passage?
(A) The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technol.ical developments must be derived from science ignores the many non-scientific decisions made by technol.ists.
(B) Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technol.ical development.
(C) As knowledge of technol.y has increased, the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement, and texture.
(D) A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician’s degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers.
(E) A technol.ist thinking about a machine, reasoning through the successive steps in a dynamic process, can actually turn the machine over mentally.
19.5 The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record “paradoxical” (lines 36-37) most probably because
(A) the publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make
(B) architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students
(C) college students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not
(D) the drawings needed were so complicated that even students in architectural schools had difficulty making them
(E) engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline
19.6. According to the passage, random failures in automatic control systems are “not merely trivial aberrations” (lines 53) because
(A) automatic control systems are designed by engineers who have little practical experience in the field
(B) the failures are characteristic of systems designed by engineers relying too heavily on concepts in mathematics
(C) the failures occur too often to be taken lightly
(D) designers of automatic control systems have too little training in the analysis of mechanical difficulties
(E) designers of automatic control systems need more help from scientists who have a better understanding of the analytical problems to be solved before such systems can work efficiently
19.7. The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars primarily to
(A) weaken the argument that modern engineering systems have major defects because of an absence of design courses in engineering curricula
(B) support the thesis that the number of errors in modern engineering systems is likely to increase
(C) illustrate the idea that courses in design are the most effective means for reducing the cost of designing engineering systems
(D) support the contention that a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects of design results in poor conceptualization by engineers
(E) weaken the proposition that mathematics is a necessary part of the study of design
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