商務(wù)實(shí)戰(zhàn)應(yīng)用文寫法精講：合同與協(xié)議的區(qū)別-1
在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，商務(wù)談判成功后，都會(huì)雙方簽合同和協(xié)議是必須的。而合同和協(xié)議里面各自都有不一樣的條款， 各自的要求也不一樣，那么關(guān)于它們都各自有哪些要求呢?以下是小編給大家整理的商務(wù)實(shí)戰(zhàn)應(yīng)用文寫法精講：合同與協(xié)議的區(qū)別-1，希望可以幫到大家
結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
合同類法律文件用以規(guī)定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利與義務(wù)，是預(yù)防與解決爭(zhēng)議的依據(jù)。合同英語(yǔ)行文慎密而準(zhǔn)確，歷史悠久，深含法律文化底蘊(yùn)。 ，
中文的合同開頭一般先羅列當(dāng)事人的名稱、姓名、住所或營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所，然后是合同正文，結(jié)尾是當(dāng)事人印章、授權(quán)代表簽字、職務(wù)及簽字日期。而英語(yǔ)合同一般以下面這類句式為開頭：
this agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month)， _______ (year) by and between party a (hereinafter called " party a ")and party b(hereinafter called " party b ")
然后是開始陳述：
where… it is hereby agreed as follows：
或以：
witnesseth， whereas…
now therefore， for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein， the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows：
接著是正文，最后是證明部分：
in witness whereof，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
隨后還包括當(dāng)事人和見證人的簽字。簽字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。
下面列出新加坡、美國(guó)、香港和日本的合同格式。
a. 新加坡
agreement
this agreement is made the 9th day of august， 2001 between lucky international ltd， a company incorporated in singapore and having its registered office at telek blongar rise， singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "the company") of the part and jack wong (nric no._________ /a) of 108 orchar road， singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "the mangager") of the other part.
whereas：
1. the company is engaged in it business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
2.
…。
now it is hereby agreed as follows：
1. the company shall employ the manager and the manager shall serve the company as manager of the company's it business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of september
2.
…。
in witness whereof， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
the schedule above referred to
duties of manger
1. to manage， maintain and promote the business of the company.
3.
signed by roger tan
for and on behalf of lucky interantional ltd
in the presence of
signed by teresa wong
in the presence of
新加坡的通用合同分五部分：
第一部分：稱為parties， 主要介紹合同各方的姓名或名稱，注冊(cè)地國(guó)及地址、郵編及各自在合同的簡(jiǎn)稱。開頭框架一般為：
this agreement is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month)，____ (year) between a _______ (hereinafter called "the company") of the part and b______， (hereinafter called "the manager") of the other part.
句子開頭this agreement
或contract和當(dāng)事人的姓名和名稱，都應(yīng)大寫。當(dāng)事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相連;是法人或非法人單位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注冊(cè)地址相連。
第二部分：稱為recital.以whereas開頭，進(jìn)入敘述部分，用陳述正式說明當(dāng)事人訂立合同的原因。
第三部分：稱為habendum，正文。具體約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。正文部分的結(jié)束段為：
in witness whereof， the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ，
這段作用相當(dāng)于中文合同的“雙方簽字蓋章，特此為證”。
第四部分：稱為schedule或addendum，附錄。是對(duì)前述合同部分條款的必要補(bǔ)充。不是所有合同都有這一項(xiàng)。
第五部分：稱為attestation，證明部分。當(dāng)事人如果自然人，用“signed by __” 英文寫作翻譯;連接后填寫見證姓名的表達(dá)部分“in the presence of ____”;當(dāng)事人是法人或非法人單位時(shí)，授權(quán)代表后接的是“signed for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是in the presence of _______.與中文合同的顯著不同是簽章處除當(dāng)事人外，多了一個(gè)in the presence of _______供證人簽字之處。另一不同的是合同訂立日期沒有放在合同最后，而是出現(xiàn)在開頭段的當(dāng)事人介紹部分。
第五部分在新加坡還有另一種表達(dá)“as witness our hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our lord tow thousand and one.
signed， sealed， and delivered by the above named
in the presence of
signature
address
occupation
上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式與之相比大同大異，有的合同中不含附錄。
b. 美國(guó) ，
appointment as contract full-time senior customs administrator
an agreement for services made the 1st day of september， 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the company") as one part and mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the contractor) of the other part.
whereby
c. 香港
contract
contact no.
signing date/place
the buyer： name
legal address
contact
the seller： name
legal address
contact
this contract is made by and between the buyer and the seller.
whereby the buyer agrees o buy and the seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.
1. name of commodity and scope of the contract
2. price
3. payment譯
4. packing
5.
in withness whereof， this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.
the buyer the seller
___________ ___________
by：__________ by：__________
date：——_________ date：——_________
the end user
___________
by： __________
date： ——____-_________
比起前兩個(gè)合同，該買賣合同的不同之處于在于，合同開頭出現(xiàn)了合同編號(hào)和簽署日期，當(dāng)事人名稱或姓名采用簡(jiǎn)單列舉式。證明部分用完成時(shí)被動(dòng)態(tài)，最后落款處signed
by項(xiàng)目，但增加了最終用戶一項(xiàng)。
d. 日本
service agreement
this agreement is made and entered into on march 1st ，2001， by and between______ ltd (hereinafter referred to as "party a")， and ________co.， ltd. ((hereinafter referred to as "party b")
witnessth：
whereas， party b has requested by party a to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to party b; and
whereas， (party a is willing to dispatch its personnel t party b in response to such party b's request)
now， therefore， in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained ， the parties hereto agree as follows：
1.
2.
3.
in witness whereof， the parties hereto have caused this agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
______ ltd. ________ co.， ltd.
(signature) (signature)
managing director managing director
該合同也由四大部分構(gòu)成，與上述合同最大的不同在于，在敘述部分上端加了一個(gè)witnesseth(鑒于)，最后落款處也沒有signed by 項(xiàng)目，但授權(quán)簽字代表的職位真接打出來，放在簽字的下一行。別外，當(dāng)事人的簡(jiǎn)稱部分用的都是大寫。
相比之下，英文合同除個(gè)別地方外，整個(gè)合同的段落排列，句式和用詞大同小異。在草擬英文合同時(shí)，只要仿用上述任何一個(gè)，都算是地道的英文表達(dá)。
用詞特點(diǎn)(formal term)
合同英語(yǔ)的用詞極其考究，具有特定性。要求選詞專業(yè)化(professional)、正式(formal)、準(zhǔn)確(accurate)。具體體現(xiàn)在下列方面：
1. may， shall， must ，may not (或shall not) 的使用 ，may， shall ， must ，may not (或shall not)對(duì)學(xué)過英語(yǔ)的人再熟悉不過，但在合同中用這些詞時(shí)要極其謹(jǐn)慎。權(quán)利義務(wù)的約見定部分構(gòu)成了合同的主體。這幾個(gè)詞如選用不當(dāng)，可能會(huì)引起糾紛。
may 旨在約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利(可以做什么)，shall約定當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)(應(yīng)當(dāng)做什么時(shí)候)， must 用于強(qiáng)制性義務(wù)(必須做什么)，may not (或shall not)用于禁止性義務(wù)(不得做什么)。may do 不能說成can do， shall do， 不能說成should do 或ought to do， may not do 在美國(guó)一些法律文件可以用shall not，但絕不能用can not do或must not ) 例如，在約定解決爭(zhēng)議的途徑時(shí)的，可以說
the parties hereto shall， first of all， settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
should such negotiations fail， such dispute may be referred to the people's court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall 和may表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確。出現(xiàn)爭(zhēng)議后應(yīng)當(dāng)先行協(xié)商，所以采用了義務(wù)性“約定”，如果協(xié)商解決不了，作為當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利，用選擇性約定may也很妥當(dāng)。如果may和shall調(diào)換位置會(huì)怎么樣? 前半句的shall換用may后，意思變成了當(dāng)事人可以通過協(xié)商解決，意思上說得過去，但后半句的may換用shall 后，變成了應(yīng)當(dāng)訴訟解決，好象一出事，就要先見官，這就有些不友好了。
本句可譯：雙方首先應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商，解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關(guān)的爭(zhēng)議。如果協(xié)商未果，合同中又無(wú)仲裁條款約定或爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生后未就仲裁達(dá)成協(xié)方的，可將爭(zhēng)議提交有管轄權(quán)的人民解決。
2. 正式用語(yǔ)(formal term)
合同英語(yǔ)有著嚴(yán)肅的風(fēng)格，與其它英語(yǔ)作品有很大不同。
例如：
“因?yàn)椤钡亩陶Z(yǔ)多用“by virtue of "，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;
“財(cái)務(wù)年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”;
“關(guān)于”常用“as regards”， “concerning”或“relating to”，而不會(huì)用“about”;
“事實(shí)上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”;
“開始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”;
“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”;
“何時(shí)開會(huì)并由某某主持”的表述為：the meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.
其中“召開”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”，而用“preside”;
“其他事項(xiàng)”用“miscellaneous”， 而不用“other matters/events”;
“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”;
“認(rèn)為”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”;
“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”， “wish to do”。