盤點(diǎn)各種版本的萬圣節(jié)傳統(tǒng)和起源
盤點(diǎn)各種版本的萬圣節(jié)傳統(tǒng)和起源
小編今天和大家盤點(diǎn)各種版本的萬圣節(jié)傳統(tǒng)和起源，一起來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
盤點(diǎn)各種版本的萬圣節(jié)傳統(tǒng)和起源
1. CARVING HALLOWEEN JACK-O'-LANTERNS
雕刻萬圣節(jié)南瓜燈
Jack-O'-Lanterns, which originated in Ireland using turnips instead of pumpkins, are supposedly based on a legend about a man named Stingy Jack who repeatedly trapped the Devil and only let him go on the condition that Jack would never go to Hell. When he died, however, Jack learned that Heaven didn't really want his soul either, so he was condemned to wander the Earth as a ghost for all eternity. The Devil gave Jack a lump of burning coal in a carved-out turnip to light his way. Eventually, locals began carving frightening faces into their own gourds to scare off evil spirits.
南瓜燈起源于愛爾蘭，最開始是由蘿卜雕的，不是南瓜。傳說有個綽號叫“吝嗇鬼杰克”的男人屢次捉住魔鬼，并且要魔鬼允諾永遠(yuǎn)不會讓他下地獄才肯放掉魔鬼。然而，他去世時才知道，天堂也不愿意接受他的靈魂，所以他只能做孤魂野鬼，永遠(yuǎn)在人間游蕩。魔鬼給了杰克一個裝有燃煤的雕刻蘿卜作為照明的燈籠。久而久之，當(dāng)?shù)厝艘查_始在他們的南瓜上雕刻猙獰的面容，以驅(qū)趕惡靈。
2. SEEING GHOSTS
幽靈出沒
Celtic people believed that during the festival Samhain, which marked the transition to the new year at the end of the harvest and beginning of the winter, spirits walked the Earth. Later, the introduction of All Souls Day on November 2 by Christian missionaries perpetuated the idea of a mingling between the living and the dead around the same time of year.
凱爾特人認(rèn)為，在薩溫節(jié)期間，幽靈便在人間徘徊。薩溫節(jié)標(biāo)志著新的一年的開始(在古凱爾特人的信仰里，新的一年于11月1日開始)和收獲季到冬天的過渡。之后，__傳教士在11月2號設(shè)立了萬靈節(jié)，宣揚(yáng)稱生者和死者會在一年的這個時間相聚。
3. WEARING SCARY COSTUMES
穿嚇人的衣服
With all these ghosts wandering around the Earth during Samhain, the Celts had to get creative to avoid being terrorized by evil spirits. To fake out the ghosts, people would don disguises so they would be mistaken for spirits themselves and left alone.
傳說薩溫節(jié)期間有許多可怕的幽靈游蕩人間，凱爾特人必須巧妙設(shè)法避開它們。為了瞞過惡靈，人們會將自己打扮成幽靈的樣子，這樣幽靈便會誤以為對方是同類而離開。
4. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE PAGAN WAY
非__版本的“不給糖就搗蛋”
There is a lot of debate around the origins of trick-or-treating. One theory proposes that during Samhain, Celtic people would leave out food to placate the souls and ghosts and spirits traveling the Earth that night. Eventually, people began dressing up as these otherworldly beings in exchange for similar offerings of food and drink.
關(guān)于“不給糖就搗蛋”傳統(tǒng)的來源有很多爭議，其中一種說法是，凱爾特人在薩溫節(jié)期間會擺出食物來安撫那天夜里在人間徘徊的亡靈和鬼神。后來，人們也開始打扮成亡靈的樣子，來換取食物和飲料。
5. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE SCOTTISH WAY
蘇格蘭版本的“不給糖就搗蛋”
Other researchers speculate that the candy bonanza stems from the Scottish practice of guising, itself a secular version of souling. In the Middle Ages, soulers, usually children and poor adults, would go to local homes and collect food or money in return for prayers said for the dead on All Souls' Day. Guisers ditched the prayers in favor of non-religious performances like jokes, songs, or other "tricks".
還有些學(xué)者猜測這一傳統(tǒng)來源于蘇格蘭的化裝習(xí)俗——將自己裝扮成世俗的幽靈。在中世紀(jì)時期，兒童和貧窮的成人通常會裝扮成幽靈，到本地人的家里乞求食物或錢，并以在萬靈節(jié)為死者祈禱作為回報。隨著時間流逝，化裝者不再用祈禱，而是用笑話、歌曲或其他“把戲”等非宗教表演作為回報。
6. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE AMERICAN WAY
美國版本的“不給糖就搗蛋”
Some sources argue that our modern trick-or-treating stems from belsnickling, a tradition in German-American communities where children would dress in costume and then call on their neighbors to see if the adults could guess the identities of the disguised guests. In one version of the practice, the children were rewarded with food or other treats if no one could identify them.
一些來源指出，現(xiàn)代的“不給糖就搗蛋”來源于德裔美國人社區(qū)的一個名叫“貝斯尼克”的傳統(tǒng)。孩子們化裝好，然后去拜訪鄰居，看他們能否猜出裝扮后的客人是誰。在其中一個版本的習(xí)俗中，如果沒被認(rèn)出來，這個孩子就可以得到食物或者其他獎勵。
7. GETTING SPOOKED BY BLACK CATS
不祥的黑貓
The association of black cats and spookiness actually dates all the way back to the Middle Ages, when these dark kitties were considered a symbol of the Devil. It didn't help the felines' reputations when, centuries later, accused witches were often found to have cats, especially black ones, as companions. People started believing that the cats were a witch's "familiar"—animals that gave them an assist with their dark magic—and the two have been linked ever since.
黑貓和幽靈的聯(lián)系可以追溯到中世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時黑色的小貓被視為魔鬼的象征。即使在幾個世紀(jì)以后，黑貓的名聲也沒有好轉(zhuǎn)，因為被指控為巫婆的人通常都有貓作伴，特別是黑貓。人們開始相信貓是巫婆“親密”的伙伴，并能助長她們的黑魔法。自此之后兩者便常常被聯(lián)系在一起。
8. BOBBING FOR APPLES
咬蘋果游戲
This game traces its origins to a courting ritual that was part of a Roman festival honoring Pomona, the goddess of agriculture and abundance. Multiple variations existed, but the gist was that young men and women would be able to foretell their future relationships based on the game. When the Romans conquered the British Isles, the Pomona festival was blended with the similarly timed Samhain, a precursor to Halloween.
咬蘋果游戲的起源可以追溯到一個求愛儀式。它是羅馬節(jié)日的一部分，用來紀(jì)念農(nóng)業(yè)和豐饒女神波莫娜。這個游戲有多種變化，但主旨在于年輕男女能夠根據(jù)游戲來預(yù)測他們未來的關(guān)系。羅馬人征服不列顛群島時，波莫納節(jié)與幾乎同時期的薩溫節(jié)(萬圣節(jié)的前身)融合在一起。
9. DECORATING WITH BLACK AND ORANGE
用黑色和橙色作為裝飾主色調(diào)
The classic Halloween colors can also trace their origins back to the Celtic festival Samhain. Black represented the "death" of summer while orange is emblematic of the autumn harvest season.
這兩個經(jīng)典的萬圣節(jié)顏色也可以追溯到凱爾特人的薩溫節(jié)。黑色象征著夏天的“死亡”，而橙色則象征著秋收季節(jié)。
10. PLAYING PRANKS
玩惡作劇
As a phenomenon that often varies by region, the pre-Halloween tradition, also known as "Devil's Night", is credited with a different origin depending on whom you ask. Some sources say that pranks were originally part of May Day celebrations. But Samhain, and eventually All Souls Day, seem to have included good-natured mischief. When Scottish and Irish immigrants came to America, they brought along the tradition of celebrating Mischief Night as part of Halloween, which was great for candy-fueled pranksters.
萬圣節(jié)前的惡作劇傳統(tǒng)也被稱為“魔鬼之夜”，經(jīng)常因地而異。不同的人對它的起源有著不同的回答。有一些來源稱，惡作劇原本是五一勞動節(jié)慶祝活動的一部分。但是薩溫節(jié)，以及后來的萬靈節(jié)，似乎就已經(jīng)包含了善意的惡作劇。蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭移民來到美國，他們也帶來了在萬圣節(jié)前夕慶?！皭鹤鲃≈埂钡膫鹘y(tǒng)，這對于酷愛糖果的惡作劇者來說太棒了。
11. LIGHTING CANDLES AND BONFIRES
點(diǎn)燃蠟燭和篝火
These days, candles are more likely than towering traditional bonfires, but for much of the early history of Halloween, open flames were integral in lighting the way for souls seeking the afterlife.
如今，在萬圣節(jié)慶?；顒又?，人們更有可能點(diǎn)燃蠟燭而不是高聳的傳統(tǒng)篝火。但在萬圣節(jié)的早期歷史中，明火在為尋求來世的靈魂照亮道路方面是不可或缺的。
12. EATING CANDY APPLES
吃糖蘋果
People have been coating fruit in sugar syrups as a means of preservation for centuries. Since the development of the Roman festival of Pomona, the goddess often represented by and associated with apples, the fruit has had a place in harvest celebrations. But the first mention of candy apples being given out at Halloween didn't occur until the 1950s.
幾個世紀(jì)以來，人們一直將水果裹在糖漿中保存。隨著羅馬波莫納節(jié)的發(fā)展，蘋果經(jīng)常作為女神波莫納的代表，與之聯(lián)系在一起，因此蘋果在豐收慶典中也占有一席之地。但直到20世紀(jì)50年代，才首次提到在萬圣節(jié)時贈送糖蘋果。
13. SPOTTING BATS
蝙蝠
It's likely that bats were present at the earliest celebrations of proto-Halloween, not just symbolically but literally. As part of Samhain, the Celts lit large bonfires, which attracted insects. The insects, in turn, attracted bats, which soon became associated with the festival. Medieval folklore expanded upon the spooky connotation of bats with a number of superstitions built around the idea that bats were the harbingers of death.
蝙蝠很可能出現(xiàn)在最早的萬圣節(jié)慶?；顒又校@種說法不僅是象征性的，而且有事實(shí)佐證。作為薩溫節(jié)的一部分，凱爾特人點(diǎn)燃篝火來吸引昆蟲。這些昆蟲反過來又吸引了蝙蝠，因此蝙蝠與薩溫節(jié)很快聯(lián)系在一起。中世紀(jì)的民間傳說擴(kuò)展了蝙蝠令人毛骨悚然的內(nèi)涵，圍繞著蝙蝠是死亡來臨的前兆存在著許多迷信說法。
14. GORGING ON CANDY
吃糖果
The act of going door-to-door for handouts has long been a part of Halloween celebrations. But until the middle of the 20th century, the "treats" kids received were not necessarily candy. Toys, coins, fruit, and nuts were just as likely to be given out. The rise in the popularity of trick-or-treating in the 1950s inspired candy companies to make a marketing push with small, individually wrapped confections. People obliged out of convenience, but candy didn't dominate at the exclusion of all other treats until parents started fearing anything unwrapped in the 1970s.
挨家挨戶地“討糖果”一直是萬圣節(jié)慶?；顒拥囊徊糠?。但在20世紀(jì)中葉前，孩子們得到的“款待”不一定是糖果，也有可能得到玩具、硬幣、水果和堅果。20世紀(jì)50年代，“不給糖就搗蛋”活動的興起，促使糖果公司紛紛推出獨(dú)立包裝的小糖果。人們出于便利才考慮購買這種小糖果。但直到20世紀(jì)70年代，家長們開始擔(dān)心任何未經(jīng)包裝的東西有衛(wèi)生隱患，糖果才開始在這些款待物中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。
15. MUNCHING ON CANDY CORN
玉米糖
According to some stories, a candymaker at the Wunderlee Candy Company in Philadelphia invented the revolutionary tri-color candy in the 1880s. The treats didn't become a widespread phenomenon until another company brought the candy to the masses in 1898. At the time, candy corn was called Chicken Feed and sold in boxes with the slogan "Something worth crowing for." Originally just autumnal candy because of corn's association with harvest time, candy corn became Halloween-specific when trick-or-treating rose to prominence in the US in the 1950s.
根據(jù)一些故事的說法，費(fèi)城文德利糖果公司的一位糖果制造商在19世紀(jì)80年代發(fā)明了革命性的三色糖果。但直到1898年另一家公司將這種糖果推向大眾，它才風(fēng)靡起來。當(dāng)時，玉米糖被稱為“雞飼料”，裝在盒子里出售，廣告語是“值得為之歡呼的東西”。最初玉米糖只是秋天的糖果，因為玉米與收獲季節(jié)有關(guān)。在20世紀(jì)50年代，隨著“不給糖就搗蛋”活動在美國的興起，玉米糖成為了萬圣節(jié)專屬糖果。
為什么萬圣節(jié)要吃糖果?
On October 31, hordes of children armed with Jack-o'-lantern-shaped buckets and pillow cases will take to the streets in search of sugar. Trick-or-treating for candy is synonymous with Halloween, but the tradition had to go through a centuries-long evolution to arrive at the place it is today. So how did the holiday become an opportunity for kids to get free sweets? You can blame pagans, Catholics, and candy companies.
10月31日，成群的孩子們會涌到大街上，帶著南瓜形狀的籃子和枕套找糖吃。作為萬圣節(jié)的代名詞，“不給糖就搗蛋”這一傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷了數(shù)百年才演變成今天這個樣子。那么這個節(jié)日是怎么變成孩子們獲得免費(fèi)糖果的機(jī)會呢?你可以將其歸咎于異教徒、天主教徒和糖果公司。
Historians agree that a Celtic autumn festival called Samhain was the precursor to modern Halloween. Samhain was a time to celebrate the last harvest of the year and the approach of the winter season. It was also a festival for honoring the dead. One way Celtics may have appeased the spirits they believed still walked the Earth was by leaving treats on their doorsteps.
歷史學(xué)家們一致認(rèn)為，凱爾特人慶祝秋收的薩溫節(jié)是現(xiàn)代萬圣節(jié)的前身。薩溫節(jié)是慶祝一年中最后一次收獲的時節(jié)，也是迎接冬天到來的節(jié)日。薩溫節(jié)還是紀(jì)念死者的節(jié)日。凱爾特人安撫那些依然在世間徘徊的幽靈的方式之一可能就是在自己的門口留下吃食。
When Catholics infiltrated Ireland in the 1st century CE, they rebranded many pagan holidays to fit their religion. November 1 became the "feasts of All Saints and All Souls," and the day before it was dubbed "All-Hallows'-Eve." The new holidays looked a lot different from the original Celtic festival, but many traditions stuck around, including the practice of honoring the dead with food. The food of choice for Christians became "soul cakes," small pastries usually baked with expensive ingredients and spices like currants and saffron.
公元1世紀(jì)天主教徒入侵愛爾蘭時，開始改造許多異教徒的節(jié)日，使其適應(yīng)他們的宗教。11月1日成了萬靈節(jié)，萬靈節(jié)前夕被稱為“萬圣節(jié)前夜”。這一新節(jié)日和凱爾特人原來的節(jié)日大不相同，但凱爾特人的許多傳統(tǒng)保留了下來，包括用食物來紀(jì)念逝者的行為。__徒選擇的節(jié)日食物被叫作“靈魂蛋糕”，這是一種用昂貴的配料和紅醋栗、藏紅花等調(diào)料烤成的小點(diǎn)心。
Instead of leaving them outside for passing ghosts, soul cakes were distributed to beggars who went door-to-door promising to pray for souls of the deceased in exchange for something to eat. Sometimes they wore costumes to honor the saints—something pagans originally did to avoid being harassed by evil spirits. The ritual, known as souling, is believed to have planted the seeds for modern-day trick-or-treating.
__徒?jīng)]有把“靈魂蛋糕”放在門口供鬼魂享用，而是分發(fā)給挨家挨戶乞討的人，這些乞丐承諾為逝者的靈魂禱告，以換取吃食。有時候乞丐們還會穿上紀(jì)念圣人的戲服——最初異教徒就是穿上這種服裝來避免被惡靈糾纏。據(jù)認(rèn)為，這一名為“索靈”的儀式為現(xiàn)代的“不給糖就搗蛋”埋下了種子。
Souling didn't survive the holiday's migration from Europe to the United States. In America, the first Halloween celebrations were a way to mark the end-of-year harvest season, and the food that was served mainly consisted of homemade seasonal treats like caramel apples and mixed nuts. There were no soul cakes—or candies, for that matter—to be found.
在歐洲的節(jié)日向美國遷徙時，“索靈”風(fēng)俗沒有留存下來。在美國，最初的萬圣節(jié)慶?；顒邮菫榱思o(jì)念歲末的收獲季節(jié)，節(jié)日食物主要是自制的應(yīng)季美食，比如焦糖蘋果和什錦堅果。那時候萬圣節(jié)沒有靈魂蛋糕，也沒有糖果。
It wasn't until the 1950s that trick-or-treating gained popularity in the US. Following the Great Depression and World War II, the suburbs were booming, and people were looking for excuses to have fun and get to know their neighbors. The old practice of souling was resurrected and made into an excuse for kids to dress up in costumes and roam their neighborhoods. Common trick-or-treat offerings included nuts, coins, and homemade baked goods ("treats" that most kids would turn their noses up at today).
直到20世紀(jì)50年代，“不給糖就搗蛋”才在美國風(fēng)靡起來。大蕭條和二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國郊區(qū)開始繁榮起來，人們想找個由頭樂一樂并結(jié)識鄰居。于是，“索靈”的老習(xí)俗就復(fù)興了，并讓孩子們有借口化裝打扮，在街區(qū)游蕩。給“搗蛋鬼”準(zhǔn)備的東西通常包括堅果、硬幣和自制的烘焙食品，今天的大多數(shù)孩子恐怕都看不上這些東西。
That changed when the candy companies got their hands on the holiday. They had already convinced consumers that they needed candy on Christmas and Easter, and they were looking for an equally lucrative opportunity to market candy in the fall. The new practice of trick-or-treating was almost too good to be true. Manufacturers downsized candies into smaller, bite-sized packages and began marketing them as treats for Halloween. Adults were grateful to have a convenient alternative to baking, kids loved the sweet treats, and the candy companies made billions.
后來糖果公司把手伸向了這一節(jié)日，情況就發(fā)生了改變。糖果商已經(jīng)讓消費(fèi)者相信，他們需要在圣誕節(jié)和復(fù)活節(jié)吃糖果，于是他們開始尋找一個在秋天營銷糖果的同樣有利可圖的良機(jī)?！安唤o糖就搗蛋”的新風(fēng)俗對他們而言簡直是天賜的好運(yùn)。制造商縮小了糖果包裝，將一口一個的小糖果獨(dú)立包裝，并將其作為萬圣節(jié)款待食品來推銷。成年人很慶幸可以買到這么方便的零食而不用再親手烘焙，孩子們喜歡這些糖果的味道，糖果公司也因此大賺特賺。
Today, it's hard to imagine Halloween without Skittles, chocolate bars, and the perennial candy corn debates. But when you're digging through a bag or bowl of Halloween candy this October, remember that you could have been having eating soul cakes instead.
時至今日，已經(jīng)難以想象沒有彩虹糖、巧克力棒和長年備受爭議的玉米糖的萬圣節(jié)。但是今年十月，當(dāng)你捧著一袋或一碗萬圣節(jié)糖果大吃的時候，別忘了你原本可能吃的是“靈魂蛋糕”。
盤點(diǎn)各種版本的萬圣節(jié)傳統(tǒng)和起源相關(guān)文章：