2020劍橋商務(wù)英語中級(jí)精選寫作范文

在BEC中級(jí)考試中，大家都會(huì)比較關(guān)注作文該如何寫?現(xiàn)在小編給大家?guī)韮善?020BEC中級(jí)寫作范文。下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

一、2020BEC中級(jí)寫作范文：經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)

The jobs crisis 失業(yè)危機(jī)

It’s coming, whatever governments do; but they can make it better or worse

不論政府如何努力，失業(yè)危機(jī)已經(jīng)到來。不過政府可以在這場(chǎng)危機(jī)中起到關(guān)鍵作用

Illustration by Belle Mellor

NOTHING evokes the misery of mass unemployment more than the photographs of the Depression. You can see it in the drawn faces of the men, in their shabby clothes, in their eyes. Their despair spawned political extremism that left a stain on society; but it also taught subsequent generations that public policy has a vital part in alleviating the suffering of those who cannot get work. Thanks to welfare schemes and unemployment benefits, many of which have their origin those dark days, joblessness no longer plunges people into destitution, at least in the developed worldins

再?zèng)]有什么比關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條的照片更能讓人體會(huì)大量失業(yè)的痛苦。這種痛苦顯見于人們緊繃的面容，襤褸的衣衫，還有他們的眼神。由人們的絕望所引發(fā)的政治極端主義給社會(huì)留下污點(diǎn);失業(yè)問題也使后人懂得公共政策在減輕失業(yè)痛苦方面所起到的重要作用。很多福利計(jì)劃和失業(yè)救濟(jì)金方案都發(fā)軔于那些灰暗的失業(yè)時(shí)期;受惠于這些計(jì)劃，至少發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的人們不再因?yàn)槭I(yè)而陷入窮困。

Not even the gloomiest predict that today’s slump will approach the severity of the Depression, which shrank America’s economy by more than a quarter, and put a quarter of the working-age population out of a job. But with the world in its deepest recession since the 1930s and global trade shrinking at its fastest pace in 80 years, the misery of mass unemployment looms nonetheless, and raises the big question posed in the Depression: what should governments do?

即使是最悲觀的預(yù)計(jì)都不認(rèn)為眼下的衰退會(huì)接近大蕭條的程度，后者使美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)縮水四分之一，四分之一的就業(yè)人口失去工作。但隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)自1930年代以來的最大幅度衰退以及全球貿(mào)易80年來的最快速萎縮，大規(guī)模失業(yè)的惡魘再度凸顯，并且拋出了和大蕭條時(shí)期一樣的大問題：政府應(yīng)該做些什么?

Join the queue 加入失業(yè)隊(duì)伍

In the rich world the job losses are starkest in America, where the recession began. Its flexible labour market has shed 4.4m jobs since the downturn began in December 2007, including more than 600,000 in each of the past three months. The unemployment rate jumped to 8.1% in February, the highest in a quarter-century. An American who loses his job today has less of a chance of finding another one than at any time since records began half a century ago. That is especially worrying when the finances of many households have come to depend on two full incomes.

富裕國(guó)家的失業(yè)問題在衰退肇始的美國(guó)最為顯著。自從07年12月經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入低迷以來，美國(guó)靈活的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)溢出了440萬份失業(yè)，其中在過去三個(gè)月內(nèi)每月產(chǎn)生了60萬份。二月的失業(yè)率躍升至8.1%，是25年來的最高數(shù)字。比起有紀(jì)錄的半個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)的任何時(shí)期，眼下失業(yè)的美國(guó)人更難再找到一份工作。特別是當(dāng)很多家庭的財(cái)政依靠雙職工收入的時(shí)候，這種情況尤其令人堪憂。

But it is already clear that unemployment will strike hard far beyond America and Britain. In Japan output is plunging faster than in other rich economies. Although unemployment is low, rapid job losses among Japan’s army of temporary workers are exposing the unfairness of a two-tier labour market and straining an egalitarian society.

然而顯而易見的是，失業(yè)問題的沉重打擊遠(yuǎn)不止于美國(guó)和英國(guó)。日本的生產(chǎn)量比其他富裕經(jīng)濟(jì)體下降得更快。盡管失業(yè)率尚低，但臨時(shí)工當(dāng)中快速增長(zhǎng)的失業(yè)大軍顯示了“雙層勞工市場(chǎng)”的不公平性，加劇了一個(gè)平等社會(huì)中的緊張。

In Europe joblessness has grown fastest in places such as Spain and Ireland, where building booms have crashed, but has only begun to edge up elsewhere. The unemployment rates in many European countries are below America’s, but that may be because their more rigid labour markets adjust more slowly to falling demand. Given how fast European economies are shrinking, nobody doubts that worse lies ahead. By the end of 2010, unemployment in much of the rich world is likely to be above 10%.

在歐洲，建筑業(yè)熱潮遭遇重創(chuàng)的西班牙和愛爾蘭等國(guó)失業(yè)速度增長(zhǎng)最快，而在其他地方則初現(xiàn)端倪。很多歐洲國(guó)家的失業(yè)率都低于美國(guó)，但也許這只是因?yàn)樗鼈冇懈訃?yán)格的勞工市場(chǎng)，從而對(duì)下降的市場(chǎng)需求適應(yīng)更慢。面對(duì)著快速萎縮的歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)，沒有人會(huì)懷疑更糟糕的就業(yè)局面就在眼前。到2010年底，多數(shù)富裕國(guó)家的失業(yè)率可能會(huì)超過10%。

In the emerging world the pattern will be different, but the outcome more painful. As trade shrinks, millions of workers are losing their foothold on the bottom rungs of the global supply chain. Poverty will rise as they sink into informal work or move back to the land. The World Bank expects some 53m people to fall below the level of extreme poverty this year.

發(fā)展中國(guó)家的情況就不一樣了，只不過結(jié)果會(huì)更人頭疼。隨著貿(mào)易萎縮，數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的工人正失去他們?cè)谌蚬?yīng)鏈條底端的立錐之地。他們轉(zhuǎn)向非正式工作或者回到農(nóng)村，伴隨而來的是貧困問題的抬頭。世界銀行預(yù)計(jì)，今年將有約5300萬人降到極端貧困線以下。

Politics dictates that governments must intervene energetically to help. That’s partly because capital has taken such a large share of profits for so many years that the pendulum is bound to swing back and partly because, having just given trillions of dollars to the banks, politicians will be under pressure to put vast amounts of money into saving jobs. But help cannot be measured in dollars alone. Badly designed policies can be self-defeating. After the recessions of the 1970s and early 1980s, Europe’s rigid labour-markets kept unemployment high for decades.

政治上，政府必須全力介入進(jìn)行援助。這一方面是因?yàn)槎嗄暌詠碣Y本在利潤(rùn)中占去了很大份額，重心注定要返回;另一方面是因?yàn)榻o了銀行萬億計(jì)美元的當(dāng)政者們承擔(dān)著巨大的壓力，需要大量注資來挽救就業(yè)崗位。然而挽救不能僅以美元來衡量。錯(cuò)誤的決策反倒會(huì)弄巧成拙。自1970年代和1980年代初期的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退以來，歐洲缺乏靈活度的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)就使失業(yè)率幾十年來居高不下。

Governments are piling in with short-term help for workers. In America, which has one of the lowest social safety nets in the rich world, extending unemployment benefits was, rightly, part of the recent stimulus package. Japan is giving social assistance to “non regular” workers, a group that has long been ignored. In general, however, it makes more sense to pay companies to keep people in work than to subsidise unemployment. Many countries are topping up the earnings of workers on shortened weeks or forced leave.

各國(guó)政府正為勞動(dòng)者提供大量的短期援助。美國(guó)的社會(huì)保障體系在富裕國(guó)家中處于最低，而最近出臺(tái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃中，擴(kuò)大失業(yè)救濟(jì)金惠及面恰恰是計(jì)劃中的一部分。日本為長(zhǎng)期以來受忽視的“非固定”勞動(dòng)者群體提供社會(huì)援助。不過總的來說，比起失業(yè)補(bǔ)助，資助企業(yè)以留住員工才是明智之舉。很多國(guó)家通過縮短每周工作日或強(qiáng)制休假來滿足勞工薪資。

These are sensible measures, so long as they are time-limited; for, in the short term, governments need to do all they can to sustain demand. But the jobs crisis, alas, is unlikely to be short-lived. Even if the recession ends soon (and there is little sign of that happening), the asset bust and the excessive borrowing that led to it are likely to overshadow the world economy for many years to come. Moreover, many of yesterday’s jobs, from Spanish bricklayer to Wall Street trader, are not coming back. People will have to shift out of old occupations and into new ones.

這些措施在一定時(shí)限內(nèi)是合理的：因?yàn)樵诙唐趦?nèi)，政府需要盡全力維持需求。只是哎呀，就業(yè)危機(jī)不大可能只在短期內(nèi)存在。即便經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退很快結(jié)束(而且?guī)缀醪豢赡馨l(fā)生)，引起這場(chǎng)危機(jī)的陰云——資金短缺和過度借貸——將在接下來繼續(xù)籠罩世界經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年。更有甚者，不論是西班牙的砌磚匠還是華爾街的交易員，很多昔日的就業(yè)崗位會(huì)一去不復(fù)返。人們將被迫告別現(xiàn)有職位，轉(zhuǎn)行進(jìn)入新崗位。

A difficult dance 艱難的舞步

Over the next couple of years, politicians will have to perform a difficult policy U-turn; for, in the long term, they need flexible labour markets. That will mean abolishing job-subsidy programmes, taking away protected workers’ privileges and making it easier for businesses to restructure by laying people off. Countries such as Japan, with two-tier workforces in which an army of temporary workers with few protections toil alongside mollycoddled folk with many, will need to narrow that disparity by making the latter easier to fire.

在接下來的幾年中，政治家們不得不做出一個(gè)180度的艱難政策轉(zhuǎn)變：因?yàn)閺拈L(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，他們需要一個(gè)靈活的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。這意味著廢除工作補(bǔ)貼計(jì)劃，去除受保護(hù)勞工的特權(quán)，以及幫助企業(yè)更方便地裁員從而進(jìn)行重組。像日本這樣具有雙層勞動(dòng)力結(jié)構(gòu)的國(guó)家，大量埋頭苦干的臨時(shí)勞工缺乏就業(yè)保障，而被嬌生慣養(yǎng)的上層員工卻能享受到多重保護(hù)。這種差別需要通過嚴(yán)格上層員工的裁汰制度加以消除。

The euphemism for that is “flexibility”. The bare truth is that the more easily jobs can be destroyed, the more easily new ones can be created. The programmes that help today, by keeping people in existing jobs, will tomorrow become a drag on the great adjustment that lies ahead. As time goes by, spending on keeping people in old jobs will need to be cut, and replaced with spending on training them for new ones. Governments will have to switch from policies to support demand to policies to make their labour markets more flexible. That is going to require fancy political footwork; but politicians will have to perform those steps, because if they fail to, they will stifle growth.

這些措施可以委婉地概括為“靈活性”措施。更直白的事實(shí)是，現(xiàn)有工作越容易被廢棄，新工作就越容易被創(chuàng)造。眼下這些保住人們飯碗的援助計(jì)劃會(huì)在今后成為調(diào)整適應(yīng)今后形勢(shì)的拖累。隨著時(shí)間推移，用在保留人員舊崗位的指出需要削減，取而代之的是為新崗位培養(yǎng)勞動(dòng)者的開支。各國(guó)政府需要從支持需求的政策轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻ㄔO(shè)一個(gè)更靈活的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。這種轉(zhuǎn)變需要富有想象力的政治謀劃，但確實(shí)當(dāng)政者們必須完成的步驟：因?yàn)槿绻麄儾贿@樣做，增長(zhǎng)將被遏制。

However well governments design their policies, unemployment is going to rise sharply, for some time. At best it will blight millions of lives for years. The politicians’ task is to make sure the misery is not measured in decades.

然而，不論政府政策制定的多么完美，失業(yè)率在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)仍將陡增。不過充其量它會(huì)在幾年內(nèi)讓數(shù)百萬人的生計(jì)陷于困境。當(dāng)政者的任務(wù)是不要讓這場(chǎng)不幸延續(xù)數(shù)十年。

二、2020BEC中級(jí)寫作范文：貿(mào)易

China's trade

Surplus to requirements 順差的需要

Why is China’s trade surplus growing when its exports have collapsed?

為什么中國(guó)的出口大幅下降時(shí)，貿(mào)易順差卻在增長(zhǎng)?

THIS week revised figures revealed that China overtook Germany in 2007 to become the world’s third-biggest economy. At the start of last year China also looked set to become the world’s biggest exporter, but a slump in exports in the final months of the year meant they remained smaller than Germany’s. China’s exports tumbled by 13% (in dollar terms) in the fourth quarter, leaving them 3% lower in December than a year earlier. Despite this, China’s trade surplus rose to a record $457 billion at an annual rate in the fourth quarter—50% bigger than in the same period of 2007. What is going on?

本周，修正后的數(shù)字顯示中國(guó)在2007年已經(jīng)超越德國(guó)成為世界第三大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。在去年初，中國(guó)也目標(biāo)成為世界上最大的出口國(guó)，但是年末數(shù)月出口的大幅下落意味著他們?nèi)匀慌旁诘聡?guó)之后。按照美元來計(jì)算，中國(guó)的出口額在第四季度下降了13%，比一年前同期少了3%。盡管如此，中國(guó)的貿(mào)易順差在第四季度卻以全年增速上升到創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的4570億美元，比2007年同期增長(zhǎng)了50%。這其中到底有何玄機(jī)?

In the first half of 2008 China’s trade surplus did indeed shrink (see chart). But since then, although exports slumped, imports fell by much more—down by 21% in the 12 months to December. The slide in both exports and imports was exacerbated by the global credit freeze, which has made it harder for companies around the world to get letters of credit to guarantee payment. Imports were also dragged down by cheaper oil and commodity prices, and by weaker imports of materials and components used to make exports (over 50% of total imports).

2008年上半年，中國(guó)的貿(mào)易順差確實(shí)出現(xiàn)了縮水(見表)。但是自那以后，盡管出口大跌，但是進(jìn)口跌的更慘——到12月時(shí)，12個(gè)月內(nèi)下跌了21%。進(jìn)出口雙雙下滑由于受到全球信貸停滯影響而加劇。這是因?yàn)樾庞脙鼋Y(jié)導(dǎo)致全世界的公司更加難以獲得信用證從而保證支付。出口同樣也受到拖累，其下跌主要是由于更廉價(jià)的原油和商品價(jià)格，以及原材料和用于出口產(chǎn)品的部件進(jìn)口(占到進(jìn)口總量的50%以上)表現(xiàn)疲軟。

But a more worrying reason why China bought less from the rest of the world is that its domestic demand has weakened. Consumer spending and manufacturing investment have so far held up reasonably well, but construction—a big user of imported raw materials—has collapsed.

但是關(guān)于中國(guó)進(jìn)口下降的一個(gè)更令人憂慮的原因是：中國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)需求減小。消費(fèi)支出和生產(chǎn)投資目前的收縮尚且適當(dāng)，但是建筑業(yè)作為進(jìn)口原材料的使用大戶也出現(xiàn)了急劇下滑。

With most of the world in recession, China’s exports will continue to slide this year. Nomura forecasts a drop of 6%—the first annual decline for more than 25 years. Imports, on the other hand, are expected to increase. By mid-year, the government’s planned massive increase in infrastructure spending will boost imports of raw materials and machinery. If so, China’s trade surplus will shrink in 2009.

隨著全球大部分地區(qū)陷入衰退，中國(guó)的出口今年將繼續(xù)下滑。野村證券預(yù)測(cè)的下滑是6%，為25年來的首次下滑。另一方面，進(jìn)口預(yù)計(jì)將增長(zhǎng)。到年中時(shí)，政府計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入大幅增長(zhǎng)將會(huì)推動(dòng)原材料和機(jī)械進(jìn)口。這樣的話，中國(guó)2009年的貿(mào)易順差將會(huì)縮水。

The collapse in exports and the consequent job losses in southern China have triggered speculation that the government might try to push down the value of the yuan. But not only would this provoke a protectionist backlash from America’s new government, it would also do little to help producers. China’s problem is weak foreign demand, not competitiveness. The best way for China to support its economy—and to help unwind global trade imbalances—is to bolster domestic demand.

出口劇減加上隨之而來的中國(guó)南方的失業(yè)會(huì)導(dǎo)致政府考慮人民幣貶值。但這將不僅激起美國(guó)新政府的保護(hù)主義反彈，對(duì)生產(chǎn)者也幫助甚小。中國(guó)的問題是在于疲軟的國(guó)外需求，而不是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。支持中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)乃至幫助全球貿(mào)易擺脫不平衡的方法，是加強(qiáng)內(nèi)需。

One piece of good news this week is that, following interest-rate cuts and the government’s scrapping of credit restrictions, total bank loans jumped by 19% in the 12 months to December, up from growth of 14% last summer. China is perhaps the only big economy where credit growth has heated up in recent months. If that is sustained, it could help to boost domestic spending.

本周的一個(gè)好消息是：隨著減息和政府去除信貸限制，銀行信貸總額到12月的12個(gè)月中從去年夏天的14%猛增19%。中國(guó)也許是最近幾個(gè)月內(nèi)世界大經(jīng)濟(jì)體中唯一出現(xiàn)信貸增長(zhǎng)加速的地方。如果增速持續(xù)，它將促進(jìn)內(nèi)需支出。

China certainly cannot rely on exports any more. Becoming the world’s biggest exporter will be of little comfort if global trade is spiralling downwards.

中國(guó)決不能再依賴出口。如果全球貿(mào)易持續(xù)下降，成為世界最大的出口國(guó)亦將無益。

China's trade

Surplus to requirements 順差的需要

Why is China’s trade surplus growing when its exports have collapsed?

為什么中國(guó)的出口大幅下降時(shí)，貿(mào)易順差卻在增長(zhǎng)?

THIS week revised figures revealed that China overtook Germany in 2007 to become the world’s third-biggest economy. At the start of last year China also looked set to become the world’s biggest exporter, but a slump in exports in the final months of the year meant they remained smaller than Germany’s. China’s exports tumbled by 13% (in dollar terms) in the fourth quarter, leaving them 3% lower in December than a year earlier. Despite this, China’s trade surplus rose to a record $457 billion at an annual rate in the fourth quarter—50% bigger than in the same period of 2007. What is going on?

本周，修正后的數(shù)字顯示中國(guó)在2007年已經(jīng)超越德國(guó)成為世界第三大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。在去年初，中國(guó)也目標(biāo)成為世界上最大的出口國(guó)，但是年末數(shù)月出口的大幅下落意味著他們?nèi)匀慌旁诘聡?guó)之后。按照美元來計(jì)算，中國(guó)的出口額在第四季度下降了13%，比一年前同期少了3%。盡管如此，中國(guó)的貿(mào)易順差在第四季度卻以全年增速上升到創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的4570億美元，比2007年同期增長(zhǎng)了50%。這其中到底有何玄機(jī)?

In the first half of 2008 China’s trade surplus did indeed shrink (see chart). But since then, although exports slumped, imports fell by much more—down by 21% in the 12 months to December. The slide in both exports and imports was exacerbated by the global credit freeze, which has made it harder for companies around the world to get letters of credit to guarantee payment. Imports were also dragged down by cheaper oil and commodity prices, and by weaker imports of materials and components used to make exports (over 50% of total imports).

2008年上半年，中國(guó)的貿(mào)易順差確實(shí)出現(xiàn)了縮水(見表)。但是自那以后，盡管出口大跌，但是進(jìn)口跌的更慘——到12月時(shí)，12個(gè)月內(nèi)下跌了21%。進(jìn)出口雙雙下滑由于受到全球信貸停滯影響而加劇。這是因?yàn)樾庞脙鼋Y(jié)導(dǎo)致全世界的公司更加難以獲得信用證從而保證支付。出口同樣也受到拖累，其下跌主要是由于更廉價(jià)的原油和商品價(jià)格，以及原材料和用于出口產(chǎn)品的部件進(jìn)口(占到進(jìn)口總量的50%以上)表現(xiàn)疲軟。

But a more worrying reason why China bought less from the rest of the world is that its domestic demand has weakened. Consumer spending and manufacturing investment have so far held up reasonably well, but construction—a big user of imported raw materials—has collapsed.

但是關(guān)于中國(guó)進(jìn)口下降的一個(gè)更令人憂慮的原因是：中國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)需求減小。消費(fèi)支出和生產(chǎn)投資目前的收縮尚且適當(dāng)，但是建筑業(yè)作為進(jìn)口原材料的使用大戶也出現(xiàn)了急劇下滑。

With most of the world in recession, China’s exports will continue to slide this year. Nomura forecasts a drop of 6%—the first annual decline for more than 25 years. Imports, on the other hand, are expected to increase. By mid-year, the government’s planned massive increase in infrastructure spending will boost imports of raw materials and machinery. If so, China’s trade surplus will shrink in 2009.

隨著全球大部分地區(qū)陷入衰退，中國(guó)的出口今年將繼續(xù)下滑。野村證券預(yù)測(cè)的下滑是6%，為25年來的首次下滑。另一方面，進(jìn)口預(yù)計(jì)將增長(zhǎng)。到年中時(shí)，政府計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入大幅增長(zhǎng)將會(huì)推動(dòng)原材料和機(jī)械進(jìn)口。這樣的話，中國(guó)2009年的貿(mào)易順差將會(huì)縮水。

The collapse in exports and the consequent job losses in southern China have triggered speculation that the government might try to push down the value of the yuan. But not only would this provoke a protectionist backlash from America’s new government, it would also do little to help producers. China’s problem is weak foreign demand, not competitiveness. The best way for China to support its economy—and to help unwind global trade imbalances—is to bolster domestic demand.

出口劇減加上隨之而來的中國(guó)南方的失業(yè)會(huì)導(dǎo)致政府考慮人民幣貶值。但這將不僅激起美國(guó)新政府的保護(hù)主義反彈，對(duì)生產(chǎn)者也幫助甚小。中國(guó)的問題是在于疲軟的國(guó)外需求，而不是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。支持中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)乃至幫助全球貿(mào)易擺脫不平衡的方法，是加強(qiáng)內(nèi)需。

One piece of good news this week is that, following interest-rate cuts and the government’s scrapping of credit restrictions, total bank loans jumped by 19% in the 12 months to December, up from growth of 14% last summer. China is perhaps the only big economy where credit growth has heated up in recent months. If that is sustained, it could help to boost domestic spending.

本周的一個(gè)好消息是：隨著減息和政府去除信貸限制，銀行信貸總額到12月的12個(gè)月中從去年夏天的14%猛增19%。中國(guó)也許是最近幾個(gè)月內(nèi)世界大經(jīng)濟(jì)體中唯一出現(xiàn)信貸增長(zhǎng)加速的地方。如果增速持續(xù)，它將促進(jìn)內(nèi)需支出。

China certainly cannot rely on exports any more. Becoming the world’s biggest exporter will be of little comfort if global trade is spiralling downwards.

中國(guó)決不能再依賴出口。如果全球貿(mào)易持續(xù)下降，成為世界最大的出口國(guó)亦將無益。